Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion
Various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process parameters must be considered as they can independently affect the properties of end-product. However, many studies simply examine one or two LPBF process parameters. Laser power, scan speed, scan spacing, and layer height are the four primary LPBF proc...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
2023
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/1/Review%20on%20volumetric%20energy%20density_influence%20on%20morphology%20and%20mechanicaln.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848825623406968832 |
|---|---|
| author | Minhalina, Ahmad Buhairi Farhana, Mohd Foudzi Fathin Iliana, Jamhari Abu Bakar, Sulong Nabilah Afiqah, Mohd Radzuan Norhamidi A., Muhamad Intan Fadhlina, Mohamed Abdul Hadi, Azman Wan Sharuzi, Wan Harun Al-Furjan, M. S.H. |
| author_facet | Minhalina, Ahmad Buhairi Farhana, Mohd Foudzi Fathin Iliana, Jamhari Abu Bakar, Sulong Nabilah Afiqah, Mohd Radzuan Norhamidi A., Muhamad Intan Fadhlina, Mohamed Abdul Hadi, Azman Wan Sharuzi, Wan Harun Al-Furjan, M. S.H. |
| author_sort | Minhalina, Ahmad Buhairi |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process parameters must be considered as they can independently affect the properties of end-product. However, many studies simply examine one or two LPBF process parameters. Laser power, scan speed, scan spacing, and layer height are the four primary LPBF process parameters that contribute to volumetric energy density (VED) used in LPBF. VED is often used as an optimization metric for LPBF process parameters, because it takes all four major parameters into consideration. Thus, this paper focuses on the effect of VED on the morphology and properties of part, and also discusses on the interrelationship between all four parameters. Common range used for each parameter is 70–400 W for laser power, 70–1800 mm/s for scan speed, 50–140 µm for scan spacing, and 20–50 µm for layer height. It can be seen as the VED increased, the microstructure of as-built titanium alloy Ti6Al4V components exhibited smaller α’ martensite size and larger columnar β grain. High VED can also reduce porosity and defect formation, which will help in increasing part density. The lowest surface roughness reported for LPBF Ti6Al4V is 4.91 µm. Meanwhile, the maximum microhardness obtained is 443 HV and the highest tensile strength achieved is 1400 MPa. The VED used for studies that obtained these results are in the range of 55–65 J/mm3. Thus, it can be concluded that the most suitable VED for LPBF printing of Ti6Al4V is around 55–65 J/mm3. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:31:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-38880 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:31:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-388802023-10-31T06:43:26Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/ Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion Minhalina, Ahmad Buhairi Farhana, Mohd Foudzi Fathin Iliana, Jamhari Abu Bakar, Sulong Nabilah Afiqah, Mohd Radzuan Norhamidi A., Muhamad Intan Fadhlina, Mohamed Abdul Hadi, Azman Wan Sharuzi, Wan Harun Al-Furjan, M. S.H. T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics Various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process parameters must be considered as they can independently affect the properties of end-product. However, many studies simply examine one or two LPBF process parameters. Laser power, scan speed, scan spacing, and layer height are the four primary LPBF process parameters that contribute to volumetric energy density (VED) used in LPBF. VED is often used as an optimization metric for LPBF process parameters, because it takes all four major parameters into consideration. Thus, this paper focuses on the effect of VED on the morphology and properties of part, and also discusses on the interrelationship between all four parameters. Common range used for each parameter is 70–400 W for laser power, 70–1800 mm/s for scan speed, 50–140 µm for scan spacing, and 20–50 µm for layer height. It can be seen as the VED increased, the microstructure of as-built titanium alloy Ti6Al4V components exhibited smaller α’ martensite size and larger columnar β grain. High VED can also reduce porosity and defect formation, which will help in increasing part density. The lowest surface roughness reported for LPBF Ti6Al4V is 4.91 µm. Meanwhile, the maximum microhardness obtained is 443 HV and the highest tensile strength achieved is 1400 MPa. The VED used for studies that obtained these results are in the range of 55–65 J/mm3. Thus, it can be concluded that the most suitable VED for LPBF printing of Ti6Al4V is around 55–65 J/mm3. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH 2023-04 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/1/Review%20on%20volumetric%20energy%20density_influence%20on%20morphology%20and%20mechanicaln.pdf Minhalina, Ahmad Buhairi and Farhana, Mohd Foudzi and Fathin Iliana, Jamhari and Abu Bakar, Sulong and Nabilah Afiqah, Mohd Radzuan and Norhamidi A., Muhamad and Intan Fadhlina, Mohamed and Abdul Hadi, Azman and Wan Sharuzi, Wan Harun and Al-Furjan, M. S.H. (2023) Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 8 (2). pp. 265-283. ISSN 2363-9512. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00328-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00328-0 |
| spellingShingle | T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics Minhalina, Ahmad Buhairi Farhana, Mohd Foudzi Fathin Iliana, Jamhari Abu Bakar, Sulong Nabilah Afiqah, Mohd Radzuan Norhamidi A., Muhamad Intan Fadhlina, Mohamed Abdul Hadi, Azman Wan Sharuzi, Wan Harun Al-Furjan, M. S.H. Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion |
| title | Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion |
| title_full | Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion |
| title_fullStr | Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion |
| title_full_unstemmed | Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion |
| title_short | Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion |
| title_sort | review on volumetric energy density: influence on morphology and mechanical properties of ti6al4v manufactured via laser powder bed fusion |
| topic | T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38880/1/Review%20on%20volumetric%20energy%20density_influence%20on%20morphology%20and%20mechanicaln.pdf |