Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment
Sustainability concerns in the electrochemical charge storage realm revitalized research on the electrochemical capacitors (ECs), or synonymously, supercapacitors (SCs), because of the renewability of their electrode materials and environmental benignity thereby, longer life cycle to improve materia...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English |
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Elsevier Ltd
2022
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/1/J%20Energy%20Storage_Vaishak.pdf http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/7/Tailoring%20the%20charge%20storability%20of%20commercial%20activated%20carbon%20through%20surface%20treatment.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848825412210130944 |
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| author | Sunil, Vaishak Amina, Yasin Bhupender, Pal Izan Izwan, Misnon Karuppiah, Chelladurai Yang, Chun-Chen Rajan, Jose |
| author_facet | Sunil, Vaishak Amina, Yasin Bhupender, Pal Izan Izwan, Misnon Karuppiah, Chelladurai Yang, Chun-Chen Rajan, Jose |
| author_sort | Sunil, Vaishak |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Sustainability concerns in the electrochemical charge storage realm revitalized research on the electrochemical capacitors (ECs), or synonymously, supercapacitors (SCs), because of the renewability of their electrode materials and environmental benignity thereby, longer life cycle to improve materials circularity, and their inherent superior rate charging/discharging than batteries. As SCs store energy via the reversible adsorption of electrolyte ions on the electrode pores, maximizing the number of pores to accommodate the ions is the most desired way to improve the charge storability. In this regard, we report herewith a simple and facile approach for engineering the porosity of commercial activated carbon by refluxing it in nitric acid as a function of time; the BET surface area of the 72 h refluxed samples increased by 75 %. Charge storage properties of the modified electrodes are evaluated in a three-electrode system configuration in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte; a 75 % increase in the surface area led to an increase in specific capacitance over 110 % following a significant reduction in Warburg impedance. Besides, symmetric SC full cells were fabricated by varying the electrode mass between 3 and 14 mg·cm−2 in five steps. All the fabricated devices achieved a potential window of 1.8 V in 1 M Na2SO4. The highest mass loaded (∼14 mg·cm−2) device fabricated using the prepared material has delivered a maximum capacitance of ∼990 mF, the maximum areal capacitance of ∼494 mF·cm−2, an energy density of ∼13 mWh·cm−3, and a maximum power density of ∼2189 mW·cm−3. The device also maintained ∼97 % retention in capacitance with a remarkable coulombic efficiency of ∼97 % after 5000 cycles. The performance of the device is comparable with the commercial SCs used for low voltage DC hold-up applications such as embedded microprocessor systems. The procedure developed herewith supports easy recycling and reusing of the activation agent, and thereby reduces the release of toxic chemicals into the environment. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:28:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-38058 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:28:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-380582023-07-20T02:29:11Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/ Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment Sunil, Vaishak Amina, Yasin Bhupender, Pal Izan Izwan, Misnon Karuppiah, Chelladurai Yang, Chun-Chen Rajan, Jose QC Physics QD Chemistry TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Sustainability concerns in the electrochemical charge storage realm revitalized research on the electrochemical capacitors (ECs), or synonymously, supercapacitors (SCs), because of the renewability of their electrode materials and environmental benignity thereby, longer life cycle to improve materials circularity, and their inherent superior rate charging/discharging than batteries. As SCs store energy via the reversible adsorption of electrolyte ions on the electrode pores, maximizing the number of pores to accommodate the ions is the most desired way to improve the charge storability. In this regard, we report herewith a simple and facile approach for engineering the porosity of commercial activated carbon by refluxing it in nitric acid as a function of time; the BET surface area of the 72 h refluxed samples increased by 75 %. Charge storage properties of the modified electrodes are evaluated in a three-electrode system configuration in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte; a 75 % increase in the surface area led to an increase in specific capacitance over 110 % following a significant reduction in Warburg impedance. Besides, symmetric SC full cells were fabricated by varying the electrode mass between 3 and 14 mg·cm−2 in five steps. All the fabricated devices achieved a potential window of 1.8 V in 1 M Na2SO4. The highest mass loaded (∼14 mg·cm−2) device fabricated using the prepared material has delivered a maximum capacitance of ∼990 mF, the maximum areal capacitance of ∼494 mF·cm−2, an energy density of ∼13 mWh·cm−3, and a maximum power density of ∼2189 mW·cm−3. The device also maintained ∼97 % retention in capacitance with a remarkable coulombic efficiency of ∼97 % after 5000 cycles. The performance of the device is comparable with the commercial SCs used for low voltage DC hold-up applications such as embedded microprocessor systems. The procedure developed herewith supports easy recycling and reusing of the activation agent, and thereby reduces the release of toxic chemicals into the environment. Elsevier Ltd 2022-07-21 Article PeerReviewed pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/1/J%20Energy%20Storage_Vaishak.pdf pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/7/Tailoring%20the%20charge%20storability%20of%20commercial%20activated%20carbon%20through%20surface%20treatment.pdf Sunil, Vaishak and Amina, Yasin and Bhupender, Pal and Izan Izwan, Misnon and Karuppiah, Chelladurai and Yang, Chun-Chen and Rajan, Jose (2022) Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment. Journal of Energy Storage, 55 (Part D). 105809/1-105809/14. ISSN 2352-152X. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105809 10.1016/j.est.2022.105809 |
| spellingShingle | QC Physics QD Chemistry TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Sunil, Vaishak Amina, Yasin Bhupender, Pal Izan Izwan, Misnon Karuppiah, Chelladurai Yang, Chun-Chen Rajan, Jose Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment |
| title | Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment |
| title_full | Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment |
| title_fullStr | Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment |
| title_short | Tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment |
| title_sort | tailoring the charge storability of commercial activated carbon through surface treatment |
| topic | QC Physics QD Chemistry TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/1/J%20Energy%20Storage_Vaishak.pdf http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/38058/7/Tailoring%20the%20charge%20storability%20of%20commercial%20activated%20carbon%20through%20surface%20treatment.pdf |