The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence
Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during th...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31569/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31569/1/viruses-13-01021-v3.pdf |
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| author | Nurshariza, Abdullah Nafees, Ahemad Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Tong Chuan Siti Aisyah, Abdul Ahmad Nur Amelia Azreen, Adnan Nur Omar, Macha Sharifah, Syed Hassan |
| author_facet | Nurshariza, Abdullah Nafees, Ahemad Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Tong Chuan Siti Aisyah, Abdul Ahmad Nur Amelia Azreen, Adnan Nur Omar, Macha Sharifah, Syed Hassan |
| author_sort | Nurshariza, Abdullah |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during the early stages of replication. However, the molecular pathways and proteins networks underlying these mechanisms remain poorly described. This is due to the low genetic sequence homology of the nsP3 protein among the alphavirus species, especially at its 30 C-terminal domain, the hypervariable domain (HVD). Moreover, the nsP3 HVD is almost or completely intrinsically disordered and has a poor ability to form secondary structures. Evolution in the nsP3 HVD region allows the alphavirus to adapt to vertebrate and insect hosts. This review focuses on the putative roles and functions of indel, repetition, and duplication events that have occurred in the alphavirus nsP3 HVD, including characterization of the differences and their implications for specificity in the context of virus–host interactions in fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, which have thus directly facilitated the evolution, adaptation, viability, and re-emergence of these viruses. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:02:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-31569 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:02:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-315692021-06-28T00:54:19Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31569/ The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence Nurshariza, Abdullah Nafees, Ahemad Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Tong Chuan Siti Aisyah, Abdul Ahmad Nur Amelia Azreen, Adnan Nur Omar, Macha Sharifah, Syed Hassan QR Microbiology QR355 Virology Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during the early stages of replication. However, the molecular pathways and proteins networks underlying these mechanisms remain poorly described. This is due to the low genetic sequence homology of the nsP3 protein among the alphavirus species, especially at its 30 C-terminal domain, the hypervariable domain (HVD). Moreover, the nsP3 HVD is almost or completely intrinsically disordered and has a poor ability to form secondary structures. Evolution in the nsP3 HVD region allows the alphavirus to adapt to vertebrate and insect hosts. This review focuses on the putative roles and functions of indel, repetition, and duplication events that have occurred in the alphavirus nsP3 HVD, including characterization of the differences and their implications for specificity in the context of virus–host interactions in fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, which have thus directly facilitated the evolution, adaptation, viability, and re-emergence of these viruses. MDPI 2021-05-28 Article PeerReviewed pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31569/1/viruses-13-01021-v3.pdf Nurshariza, Abdullah and Nafees, Ahemad and Aliazis, Konstantinos and Khairat, Jasmine Elanie and Lee, Tong Chuan and Siti Aisyah, Abdul Ahmad and Nur Amelia Azreen, Adnan and Nur Omar, Macha and Sharifah, Syed Hassan (2021) The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence. VIruses, 13 (6). p. 1021. (Published) https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061021 |
| spellingShingle | QR Microbiology QR355 Virology Nurshariza, Abdullah Nafees, Ahemad Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Tong Chuan Siti Aisyah, Abdul Ahmad Nur Amelia Azreen, Adnan Nur Omar, Macha Sharifah, Syed Hassan The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
| title | The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
| title_full | The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
| title_fullStr | The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
| title_full_unstemmed | The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
| title_short | The putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (NSP3 HVD) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
| title_sort | putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (nsp3 hvd) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
| topic | QR Microbiology QR355 Virology |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31569/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31569/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31569/1/viruses-13-01021-v3.pdf |