The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users
Background: The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is the most widely used scale for assessing nicotine dependence on conventional tobacco cigarettes (TCGs). But the FTND does not evaluate the subject’s nicotine dependence to electronic cigarette (EC). Objective: The aim of this study wa...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2020
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/1/The%20development%20and%20assessment%20of%20modified%20fagerstrom%20test%20.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848823661073530880 |
|---|---|
| author | Aziz Ur, Rahman Mohamad Haniki, Nik Mohamed Shazia, Jamshed Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Ahsan, Iftikhar Baig |
| author_facet | Aziz Ur, Rahman Mohamad Haniki, Nik Mohamed Shazia, Jamshed Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Ahsan, Iftikhar Baig |
| author_sort | Aziz Ur, Rahman |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is the most widely used scale for assessing nicotine dependence on conventional tobacco cigarettes (TCGs). But the FTND does not evaluate the subject’s nicotine dependence to electronic cigarette (EC). Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and assess an equivalent modified FTND scale that measures the nicotine dependency via EC. Materials and Methods: The investigator developed the equivalent modified FTND scale that scores identical to the original scale, that is, 0–10. The developed scale piloted among 15 EC single users, that is, use only EC verified by carbon monoxide (CO) level of 0.05). A 1-year observation showed that of 69 single users, 11 single users completely stopped nicotine intake, 24 remained as EC single users, 15 shifted to dual-use, and 19 relapsed to TCG. Surprisingly, the EC users who completely stopped nicotine intake after 1 year had a low average nicotine dependence value of 3 that was measured by the modified FTND scale at the baseline. Conclusion: The modified FTND scale precisely identifies the physical dependence to nicotine via EC. Therefore, as per this study results the modified FTND scale can be applied in any EC-related studies to assess nicotine dependency via EC. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:00:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-31013 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:00:41Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-310132021-06-30T08:25:39Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/ The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users Aziz Ur, Rahman Mohamad Haniki, Nik Mohamed Shazia, Jamshed Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Ahsan, Iftikhar Baig RC Internal medicine Background: The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is the most widely used scale for assessing nicotine dependence on conventional tobacco cigarettes (TCGs). But the FTND does not evaluate the subject’s nicotine dependence to electronic cigarette (EC). Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and assess an equivalent modified FTND scale that measures the nicotine dependency via EC. Materials and Methods: The investigator developed the equivalent modified FTND scale that scores identical to the original scale, that is, 0–10. The developed scale piloted among 15 EC single users, that is, use only EC verified by carbon monoxide (CO) level of 0.05). A 1-year observation showed that of 69 single users, 11 single users completely stopped nicotine intake, 24 remained as EC single users, 15 shifted to dual-use, and 19 relapsed to TCG. Surprisingly, the EC users who completely stopped nicotine intake after 1 year had a low average nicotine dependence value of 3 that was measured by the modified FTND scale at the baseline. Conclusion: The modified FTND scale precisely identifies the physical dependence to nicotine via EC. Therefore, as per this study results the modified FTND scale can be applied in any EC-related studies to assess nicotine dependency via EC. Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications 2020-11 Article PeerReviewed pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/1/The%20development%20and%20assessment%20of%20modified%20fagerstrom%20test%20.pdf Aziz Ur, Rahman and Mohamad Haniki, Nik Mohamed and Shazia, Jamshed and Mahmood, Syed and Muhammad Ahsan, Iftikhar Baig (2020) The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 12 (6). pp. 671-675. ISSN 0975-7406. (Published) https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_245_19 https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_245_19 |
| spellingShingle | RC Internal medicine Aziz Ur, Rahman Mohamad Haniki, Nik Mohamed Shazia, Jamshed Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Ahsan, Iftikhar Baig The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users |
| title | The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users |
| title_full | The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users |
| title_fullStr | The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users |
| title_full_unstemmed | The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users |
| title_short | The development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users |
| title_sort | development and assessment of modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among malaysian single electronic cigarette users |
| topic | RC Internal medicine |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31013/1/The%20development%20and%20assessment%20of%20modified%20fagerstrom%20test%20.pdf |