Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology
Water treatment plants generate vast amounts of sludge and its disposal is one of the most expensive and environmentally problematic challenges worldwide. As sludge from water treatment plants contains a considerable amount of titanium, both can create serious environmental concerns. In this study,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
2019
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/1/Statistical%20optimization%20of%20titanium%20recovery%20from%20drinking%20water%20.pdf |
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| author | Krishnan, Santhana Nor Syahidah, Zulkapli Mohd Fadhil, Md Din Zaiton, Abd Majid Honda, Mitsuhiro Ichikawa, Yo Fadzlin, Md Sairan Mohd Nasrullah, Zulkifli Nickholas Anting, Anak Guntor |
| author_facet | Krishnan, Santhana Nor Syahidah, Zulkapli Mohd Fadhil, Md Din Zaiton, Abd Majid Honda, Mitsuhiro Ichikawa, Yo Fadzlin, Md Sairan Mohd Nasrullah, Zulkifli Nickholas Anting, Anak Guntor |
| author_sort | Krishnan, Santhana |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Water treatment plants generate vast amounts of sludge and its disposal is one of the most expensive and environmentally problematic challenges worldwide. As sludge from water treatment plants contains a considerable amount of titanium, both can create serious environmental concerns. In this study, the potential to recover titanium from drinking water treatment residue was explored through acid leaching technique. Statistical design for the optimization of titanium recovery was proposed using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level central composite design (CCD). Three independent variables were investigated, namely the acid concentration (3 M–7 M), temperature (40 °C – 80 °C) and solid/liquid ratio (0.005–0.02 g/mL). According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the p-value (<0.0001) indicated the designed model was highly significant. Optimization using RSM gave the best fit between validated and predicted data as elucidated by the coefficient of determination with R2 values of 0.9965. However, acid concentration and solid/liquid ratio showed an initial increase in titanium recovery followed by recovery reduction with increasing concentration and ratio. Quadratic RSM predicted the maximum recovery of titanium to be 67.73% at optimal conditions of 5.5 M acid concentration, at a temperature of 62 °C with a solid/liquid ratio of 0.01 g/mL. The verification experiments gave an average of 66.23% recovery of titanium, thus indicating that the successfully developed model to predict the response. This process development has significant importance to reduce the cost of waste disposal, environmental protection, and recovery of economically valuable products. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T02:48:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-27745 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T02:48:09Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-277452020-02-06T08:14:58Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/ Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology Krishnan, Santhana Nor Syahidah, Zulkapli Mohd Fadhil, Md Din Zaiton, Abd Majid Honda, Mitsuhiro Ichikawa, Yo Fadzlin, Md Sairan Mohd Nasrullah, Zulkifli Nickholas Anting, Anak Guntor TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering Water treatment plants generate vast amounts of sludge and its disposal is one of the most expensive and environmentally problematic challenges worldwide. As sludge from water treatment plants contains a considerable amount of titanium, both can create serious environmental concerns. In this study, the potential to recover titanium from drinking water treatment residue was explored through acid leaching technique. Statistical design for the optimization of titanium recovery was proposed using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level central composite design (CCD). Three independent variables were investigated, namely the acid concentration (3 M–7 M), temperature (40 °C – 80 °C) and solid/liquid ratio (0.005–0.02 g/mL). According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the p-value (<0.0001) indicated the designed model was highly significant. Optimization using RSM gave the best fit between validated and predicted data as elucidated by the coefficient of determination with R2 values of 0.9965. However, acid concentration and solid/liquid ratio showed an initial increase in titanium recovery followed by recovery reduction with increasing concentration and ratio. Quadratic RSM predicted the maximum recovery of titanium to be 67.73% at optimal conditions of 5.5 M acid concentration, at a temperature of 62 °C with a solid/liquid ratio of 0.01 g/mL. The verification experiments gave an average of 66.23% recovery of titanium, thus indicating that the successfully developed model to predict the response. This process development has significant importance to reduce the cost of waste disposal, environmental protection, and recovery of economically valuable products. Elsevier Ltd 2019-11-29 Article PeerReviewed pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/1/Statistical%20optimization%20of%20titanium%20recovery%20from%20drinking%20water%20.pdf Krishnan, Santhana and Nor Syahidah, Zulkapli and Mohd Fadhil, Md Din and Zaiton, Abd Majid and Honda, Mitsuhiro and Ichikawa, Yo and Fadzlin, Md Sairan and Mohd Nasrullah, Zulkifli and Nickholas Anting, Anak Guntor (2019) Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Management, 255 (109890). ISSN 0301-4797. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109890 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109890 |
| spellingShingle | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering Krishnan, Santhana Nor Syahidah, Zulkapli Mohd Fadhil, Md Din Zaiton, Abd Majid Honda, Mitsuhiro Ichikawa, Yo Fadzlin, Md Sairan Mohd Nasrullah, Zulkifli Nickholas Anting, Anak Guntor Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology |
| title | Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology |
| title_full | Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology |
| title_fullStr | Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology |
| title_short | Statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology |
| title_sort | statistical optimization of titanium recovery from drinking water treatment residue using response surface methodology |
| topic | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27745/1/Statistical%20optimization%20of%20titanium%20recovery%20from%20drinking%20water%20.pdf |