A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts
The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterificati...
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| Format: | Article |
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Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University
2016
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/1/fkksa-2016-Nurul%20Asmawati-A%20Preliminary%20Study%20Esterification%20of%20Free%20Fatty%20Acids.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848820357827395584 |
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| author | Nurul Asmawati, Roslan Mohammad Haniff, Che Hasnan Norhayati, Abdullah Syamsul Bahari, Abdullah Sumaiya, Zainal Abidin |
| author_facet | Nurul Asmawati, Roslan Mohammad Haniff, Che Hasnan Norhayati, Abdullah Syamsul Bahari, Abdullah Sumaiya, Zainal Abidin |
| author_sort | Nurul Asmawati, Roslan |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T02:08:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-17154 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T02:08:10Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-171542017-12-15T06:48:09Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/ A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts Nurul Asmawati, Roslan Mohammad Haniff, Che Hasnan Norhayati, Abdullah Syamsul Bahari, Abdullah Sumaiya, Zainal Abidin TP Chemical technology The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University 2016 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en cc_by http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/1/fkksa-2016-Nurul%20Asmawati-A%20Preliminary%20Study%20Esterification%20of%20Free%20Fatty%20Acids.pdf Nurul Asmawati, Roslan and Mohammad Haniff, Che Hasnan and Norhayati, Abdullah and Syamsul Bahari, Abdullah and Sumaiya, Zainal Abidin (2016) A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (2). pp. 182-191. ISSN 1978-2993. (Published) http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190 doi: 10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190 |
| spellingShingle | TP Chemical technology Nurul Asmawati, Roslan Mohammad Haniff, Che Hasnan Norhayati, Abdullah Syamsul Bahari, Abdullah Sumaiya, Zainal Abidin A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_full | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_fullStr | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_short | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_sort | preliminary study: esterification of free fatty acids (ffa) in artificially modified feedstock using ionic liquids as catalysts |
| topic | TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154/1/fkksa-2016-Nurul%20Asmawati-A%20Preliminary%20Study%20Esterification%20of%20Free%20Fatty%20Acids.pdf |