Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail
Catalytic palm oil epoxidation using titanium-grafted silica, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxoformic acid was carried out at 60°C in a fixed batch reactor. Titanium-grafted silica with different percentages of silica content was prepared through sol-gel hydrolysis and was utilized in epoxidation of pal...
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2015
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/15687/ |
| _version_ | 1848803810238005248 |
|---|---|
| author | Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah |
| author_facet | Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah |
| author_sort | Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah |
| building | UiTM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Catalytic palm oil epoxidation using titanium-grafted silica, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxoformic acid was carried out at 60°C in a fixed batch reactor. Titanium-grafted silica with different percentages of silica content was prepared through sol-gel hydrolysis and was utilized in epoxidation of palm oil. They were characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ('H-NMR). The Ti-O-Si bonds were detected at 960 cm" 1 in Ti-Si 0.5 and exhibited highest yield of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) in the epoxidation process which is 8 6 % conversion of unsaturation in palm oil to epoxy groups. New peaks observed in the range of 8 2.4 ppm to 8 3.6 ppm in the ’H-NMR spectrum of EPO belong to protons of the epoxy cyclic ring group, CH-O-CH confirming successful epoxidation of palm oil using the prepared catalyst. For the catalyst recycle study, Ti-Si 0.5 withstood up to twice catalytic run with negligible changes in their selectivity and with a loss in their specific activity. This study indicated the true nature of heterogeneous catalysis on Ti-Si 0.5. An acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) was synthesized from EPO through ring opening of the oxirane group using acrylic acid as the ring opening agent. The %OOC reached 0.88% with acid value was 48.25. The derivatised of acrylic acid of AEPO was detected at 8 5.8 ppm to 8 6.5 ppm indicated the appearance of acrylate CH=CH2 . The new bands which may attributed to the vinyl functionality 1624 cm 1, CH2=CH-COO and also at absorption band of 961cm'1, =C-H as can be seen in FTIR result. The increased in viscosity of AEPO, 497.5 Cps was due to the -OH groups that was confirmed by appearance of peak at 3417cm"1 in FTIR. The synthesized AEPO was mixed with four different composition of photoinitiator and cured under ultra-violet radiation, the preparation of AEPO films in UV curing adhesive, AEPO 2wt% have the highest surface hardness. The AEPO 2wt% has the highest gel content whereas the AEPO 2.5wt% had the lowest gel content. The increasing of photoinitiator from lwt% to 2.5wt% in AEPO samples except for AEPO 1.5wt% showed increasing in adhesion strength. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:45:09Z |
| format | Thesis |
| id | uitm-15687 |
| institution | Universiti Teknologi MARA |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:45:09Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | uitm-156872022-03-10T00:01:11Z https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/15687/ Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah Polymers. Macromolecules Chemical elements Catalytic palm oil epoxidation using titanium-grafted silica, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxoformic acid was carried out at 60°C in a fixed batch reactor. Titanium-grafted silica with different percentages of silica content was prepared through sol-gel hydrolysis and was utilized in epoxidation of palm oil. They were characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ('H-NMR). The Ti-O-Si bonds were detected at 960 cm" 1 in Ti-Si 0.5 and exhibited highest yield of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) in the epoxidation process which is 8 6 % conversion of unsaturation in palm oil to epoxy groups. New peaks observed in the range of 8 2.4 ppm to 8 3.6 ppm in the ’H-NMR spectrum of EPO belong to protons of the epoxy cyclic ring group, CH-O-CH confirming successful epoxidation of palm oil using the prepared catalyst. For the catalyst recycle study, Ti-Si 0.5 withstood up to twice catalytic run with negligible changes in their selectivity and with a loss in their specific activity. This study indicated the true nature of heterogeneous catalysis on Ti-Si 0.5. An acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) was synthesized from EPO through ring opening of the oxirane group using acrylic acid as the ring opening agent. The %OOC reached 0.88% with acid value was 48.25. The derivatised of acrylic acid of AEPO was detected at 8 5.8 ppm to 8 6.5 ppm indicated the appearance of acrylate CH=CH2 . The new bands which may attributed to the vinyl functionality 1624 cm 1, CH2=CH-COO and also at absorption band of 961cm'1, =C-H as can be seen in FTIR result. The increased in viscosity of AEPO, 497.5 Cps was due to the -OH groups that was confirmed by appearance of peak at 3417cm"1 in FTIR. The synthesized AEPO was mixed with four different composition of photoinitiator and cured under ultra-violet radiation, the preparation of AEPO films in UV curing adhesive, AEPO 2wt% have the highest surface hardness. The AEPO 2wt% has the highest gel content whereas the AEPO 2.5wt% had the lowest gel content. The increasing of photoinitiator from lwt% to 2.5wt% in AEPO samples except for AEPO 1.5wt% showed increasing in adhesion strength. 2015 Thesis NonPeerReviewed text en https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/15687/1/TM_SHARIFAH%20NAFISAH%20SYED%20ISMAIL%20AS%2015_5.pdf Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah (2015) Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail. (2015) Masters thesis, thesis, Universiti Teknologi MARA. <http://terminalib.uitm.edu.my/15687.pdf> |
| spellingShingle | Polymers. Macromolecules Chemical elements Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail |
| title | Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail |
| title_full | Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail |
| title_fullStr | Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail |
| title_short | Epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail |
| title_sort | epoxidation of palm oil using synthesized titanium-silica catalyst and investigation on the properties of acrylated epoxidized palm oil / sharifah nafisah syed ismail |
| topic | Polymers. Macromolecules Chemical elements |
| url | https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/15687/ |