Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment
Renewable energy can be harnessed from wastewater, whether from municipalities or industries, but this potential is often ignored. The world generates over 900 km3 of wastewater annually, which is typically treated through energy-consuming processes, despite its potential for energy production. Envi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2023
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/1/49.pdf |
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| author | Khalid, Awais Ahmad, Pervaiz Memon, Roomia Gado, Lamyaa F. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin * Almukhlifi, Hanadi A. Modafer, Yosra Bashir, Najma Abida, Otman Alshammari, Fahdah Ayed Timoumi, Abdelmajid |
| author_facet | Khalid, Awais Ahmad, Pervaiz Memon, Roomia Gado, Lamyaa F. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin * Almukhlifi, Hanadi A. Modafer, Yosra Bashir, Najma Abida, Otman Alshammari, Fahdah Ayed Timoumi, Abdelmajid |
| author_sort | Khalid, Awais |
| building | SU Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Renewable energy can be harnessed from wastewater, whether from municipalities or industries, but this potential is often ignored. The world generates over 900 km3 of wastewater annually, which is typically treated through energy-consuming processes, despite its potential for energy production. Environmental pollution is a most important and serious issue for all and their adulterations to the aquatic system are very toxic in very low concentrations. Photocatalysis is a prominent approach to eliminating risky elements from the environment. The present study developed Zinc oxide (ZnO), Copper-doped Zinc oxide (CuZnO), and Cobalt-doped Zinc oxide (CoZnO) nanostructures (NSs) by facile hydrothermal route. The crystalline and structural stability of the synthesized nanostructures were evident from XRD and FESEM analysis. Metal, and oxygen bond and their interaction on the surfaces and their valency were explored from XPS spectra. Optical orientations and electron movements were revealed from UV-Visible analysis. After 100 min exposure time with 1 g of catalyst concentration 60%, 70%, and 89% of dye degraded, for dye concentration (5 mg/L to 50 mg/L), the huge variation observed (70% to 22%), (80% to 16%), (94% to 10%). The highest photodegradation rate (55%, 75%, 90%) was observed on pH~12 using ZnO, CoZnO, and CuZnO respectively. Photodegradation of methylene blue confirmed the largest surface area, rate of recombination, photo-excited charge carriers, photo-sensitivity range, and radical generations of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO. The present study, therefore, suggested that CuZnO would be preferred to produce nanomaterials for industrial wastewater treatment like methylene. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:20:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | sunway-2265 |
| institution | Sunway University |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:20:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | sunway-22652023-06-17T06:33:34Z http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/ Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment Khalid, Awais Ahmad, Pervaiz Memon, Roomia Gado, Lamyaa F. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin * Almukhlifi, Hanadi A. Modafer, Yosra Bashir, Najma Abida, Otman Alshammari, Fahdah Ayed Timoumi, Abdelmajid QD Chemistry TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering TP Chemical technology Renewable energy can be harnessed from wastewater, whether from municipalities or industries, but this potential is often ignored. The world generates over 900 km3 of wastewater annually, which is typically treated through energy-consuming processes, despite its potential for energy production. Environmental pollution is a most important and serious issue for all and their adulterations to the aquatic system are very toxic in very low concentrations. Photocatalysis is a prominent approach to eliminating risky elements from the environment. The present study developed Zinc oxide (ZnO), Copper-doped Zinc oxide (CuZnO), and Cobalt-doped Zinc oxide (CoZnO) nanostructures (NSs) by facile hydrothermal route. The crystalline and structural stability of the synthesized nanostructures were evident from XRD and FESEM analysis. Metal, and oxygen bond and their interaction on the surfaces and their valency were explored from XPS spectra. Optical orientations and electron movements were revealed from UV-Visible analysis. After 100 min exposure time with 1 g of catalyst concentration 60%, 70%, and 89% of dye degraded, for dye concentration (5 mg/L to 50 mg/L), the huge variation observed (70% to 22%), (80% to 16%), (94% to 10%). The highest photodegradation rate (55%, 75%, 90%) was observed on pH~12 using ZnO, CoZnO, and CuZnO respectively. Photodegradation of methylene blue confirmed the largest surface area, rate of recombination, photo-excited charge carriers, photo-sensitivity range, and radical generations of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO. The present study, therefore, suggested that CuZnO would be preferred to produce nanomaterials for industrial wastewater treatment like methylene. MDPI 2023-03-08 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/1/49.pdf Khalid, Awais and Ahmad, Pervaiz and Memon, Roomia and Gado, Lamyaa F. and Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin * and Almukhlifi, Hanadi A. and Modafer, Yosra and Bashir, Najma and Abida, Otman and Alshammari, Fahdah Ayed and Timoumi, Abdelmajid (2023) Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment. Separations, 10 (3). p. 184. ISSN 2297-8739 https://doi.org/10.3390/ separations10030184 10.3390/ separations10030184 |
| spellingShingle | QD Chemistry TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering TP Chemical technology Khalid, Awais Ahmad, Pervaiz Memon, Roomia Gado, Lamyaa F. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin * Almukhlifi, Hanadi A. Modafer, Yosra Bashir, Najma Abida, Otman Alshammari, Fahdah Ayed Timoumi, Abdelmajid Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment |
| title | Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment |
| title_full | Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment |
| title_short | Structural, Optical, and Renewable Energy-Assisted Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of ZnO, CuZnO, and CoZnO Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment |
| title_sort | structural, optical, and renewable energy-assisted photocatalytic dye degradation studies of zno, cuzno, and cozno nanostructures for wastewater treatment |
| topic | QD Chemistry TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2265/1/49.pdf |