Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity
Discovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side e↵ects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe3O4-NCs) using a green method. Montmorillonite (MMT)...
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MDPI
2020
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/1/Green%20Teow%20Sin%20Yeang%20Synthesized%20Montmorillonite_Carrageenan_Fe3O4%20Nanocomposites%20for%20pH-Responsive%20Release%20of%20Protocatechuic%20Acid%20and%20Its%20Anticancer%20Activity.pdf |
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| author | Yew, Yen Pin Shameli, Kamyar Mohamad, S. E. Lee, Kar Xin Teow, Sin Yeang * |
| author_facet | Yew, Yen Pin Shameli, Kamyar Mohamad, S. E. Lee, Kar Xin Teow, Sin Yeang * |
| author_sort | Yew, Yen Pin |
| building | SU Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Discovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side e↵ects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe3O4-NCs) using a green method.
Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as matrix support, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and carrageenan (CR) were used as filler and stabilizer, respectively. The combination of these materials resulted in a novel nanocomposite (MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs). A series of characterization experiments was conducted. The purity of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs was confirmed by X-ray di↵raction (XRD) analysis. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the uniform and spherical shape of Fe3O4
NPs with an average particle size of 9.3 ± 1.2 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed an Ms value of 2.16 emu/g with negligible coercivity which confirmed the superparamagnetic properties. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) was loaded onto the MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and a drug release study showed that 15% and 92% of PCA was released at pH 7.4 and 4.8, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and MMT/CR/Fe3O4-PCA e↵ectively killed HCT116 which is a colorectal cancer cell line. Dose-dependent inhibition was seen and the killing was enhanced two-fold by the PCA-loaded NCs (IC50–0.734 mg/mL) compared to the unloaded NCs (IC50–1.5 mg/mL). This study highlights the potential use of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs as a biologically active pH-responsive drug delivery agent. Further investigations are warranted to delineate the
mechanism of cell entry and cancer cell killing as well as to improve the therapeutic potential of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:17:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | sunway-1559 |
| institution | Sunway University |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:17:46Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | sunway-15592021-01-27T02:05:03Z http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/ Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity Yew, Yen Pin Shameli, Kamyar Mohamad, S. E. Lee, Kar Xin Teow, Sin Yeang * RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer) Discovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side e↵ects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe3O4-NCs) using a green method. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as matrix support, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and carrageenan (CR) were used as filler and stabilizer, respectively. The combination of these materials resulted in a novel nanocomposite (MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs). A series of characterization experiments was conducted. The purity of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs was confirmed by X-ray di↵raction (XRD) analysis. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the uniform and spherical shape of Fe3O4 NPs with an average particle size of 9.3 ± 1.2 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed an Ms value of 2.16 emu/g with negligible coercivity which confirmed the superparamagnetic properties. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) was loaded onto the MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and a drug release study showed that 15% and 92% of PCA was released at pH 7.4 and 4.8, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and MMT/CR/Fe3O4-PCA e↵ectively killed HCT116 which is a colorectal cancer cell line. Dose-dependent inhibition was seen and the killing was enhanced two-fold by the PCA-loaded NCs (IC50–0.734 mg/mL) compared to the unloaded NCs (IC50–1.5 mg/mL). This study highlights the potential use of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs as a biologically active pH-responsive drug delivery agent. Further investigations are warranted to delineate the mechanism of cell entry and cancer cell killing as well as to improve the therapeutic potential of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs. MDPI 2020-07-09 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_nc_4 http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/1/Green%20Teow%20Sin%20Yeang%20Synthesized%20Montmorillonite_Carrageenan_Fe3O4%20Nanocomposites%20for%20pH-Responsive%20Release%20of%20Protocatechuic%20Acid%20and%20Its%20Anticancer%20Activity.pdf Yew, Yen Pin and Shameli, Kamyar and Mohamad, S. E. and Lee, Kar Xin and Teow, Sin Yeang * (2020) Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21 (14). p. 4851. ISSN 1422-0067 http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144851 doi:10.3390/ijms21144851 |
| spellingShingle | RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer) Yew, Yen Pin Shameli, Kamyar Mohamad, S. E. Lee, Kar Xin Teow, Sin Yeang * Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| title | Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| title_full | Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| title_fullStr | Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| title_short | Green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for pH-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| title_sort | green synthesized montmorillonite/carrageenan/fe3o4 nanocomposites for ph-responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| topic | RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer) |
| url | http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1559/1/Green%20Teow%20Sin%20Yeang%20Synthesized%20Montmorillonite_Carrageenan_Fe3O4%20Nanocomposites%20for%20pH-Responsive%20Release%20of%20Protocatechuic%20Acid%20and%20Its%20Anticancer%20Activity.pdf |