Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the world, infecting mostly infants and young children (<5 years of age) in Asia. Approximately 2 million cases of HFMD were reported in China each year, of which approximately 45–50% were due...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Sage
2019
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/1/Lim%20Hui%20Xuan%20Therapeutic%20Advances%20in%20Vaccines%20and%20Immunotherapy.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848801993565405184 |
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| author | Lim, Hui Xuan * Poh, Chit Laa * |
| author_facet | Lim, Hui Xuan * Poh, Chit Laa * |
| author_sort | Lim, Hui Xuan * |
| building | SU Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the world, infecting mostly infants and young children (<5 years of age) in Asia. Approximately 2 million cases of HFMD were reported in China each year, of which approximately 45–50% were due to EV-A71. Most of the HFMD infections caused by EV-A71 usually result in mild symptoms with rashes and ulcers in the mouth. However, virulent strains of EV-A71 can infect the central nervous system and cause severe neurologic diseases, leading to reduced cognitive ability, acute flaccid paralysis and death. The lack of understanding of cellular immunity for long-term protection from the HFMD disease represents a major obstacle for vaccine development. In particular, the role of innate and T cell immunity during HFMD infection remains unclear and there is evidence suggesting the importance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for protective immunity. Currently, no US FDA-approved vaccine is available for EV-A71. Although the inactivated vaccines produced in China are highly effective (vaccine efficacy >95%), they lack the cellular immunity required for long-term protection. In this review, we discuss the findings that support the protective roles of innate and T cell immunity against EV-A71 infection, which will provide the knowledge needed for the urgent development of efficacious vaccines that will confer long-term protection. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:16:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | sunway-1174 |
| institution | Sunway University |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T21:16:17Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Sage |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | sunway-11742020-11-20T01:28:12Z http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/ Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71 Lim, Hui Xuan * Poh, Chit Laa * QR355 Virology Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the world, infecting mostly infants and young children (<5 years of age) in Asia. Approximately 2 million cases of HFMD were reported in China each year, of which approximately 45–50% were due to EV-A71. Most of the HFMD infections caused by EV-A71 usually result in mild symptoms with rashes and ulcers in the mouth. However, virulent strains of EV-A71 can infect the central nervous system and cause severe neurologic diseases, leading to reduced cognitive ability, acute flaccid paralysis and death. The lack of understanding of cellular immunity for long-term protection from the HFMD disease represents a major obstacle for vaccine development. In particular, the role of innate and T cell immunity during HFMD infection remains unclear and there is evidence suggesting the importance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for protective immunity. Currently, no US FDA-approved vaccine is available for EV-A71. Although the inactivated vaccines produced in China are highly effective (vaccine efficacy >95%), they lack the cellular immunity required for long-term protection. In this review, we discuss the findings that support the protective roles of innate and T cell immunity against EV-A71 infection, which will provide the knowledge needed for the urgent development of efficacious vaccines that will confer long-term protection. Sage 2019-11-21 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_nc_nd_4 http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/1/Lim%20Hui%20Xuan%20Therapeutic%20Advances%20in%20Vaccines%20and%20Immunotherapy.pdf Lim, Hui Xuan * and Poh, Chit Laa * (2019) Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, 7. ISSN 2515-1355 http://doi.org/10.1177/2515135519888998 doi:10.1177/2515135519888998 |
| spellingShingle | QR355 Virology Lim, Hui Xuan * Poh, Chit Laa * Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71 |
| title | Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71 |
| title_full | Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71 |
| title_fullStr | Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71 |
| title_short | Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71 |
| title_sort | insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against ev-a71 |
| topic | QR355 Virology |
| url | http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/ http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/1174/1/Lim%20Hui%20Xuan%20Therapeutic%20Advances%20in%20Vaccines%20and%20Immunotherapy.pdf |