Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes
Oil pollution has been introduced into the aquatic environment of the South China Sea through anthropogenic activities such as discharging of oil during extraction, transportation and consumption. In order to determine the source of oil pollution in South China Sea, 30 surface sediment samples were...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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University Kebangsaan Malaysia
2013
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| Online Access: | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6802/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6802/1/34-62-1-SM.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848811274527309824 |
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| author | Ismail, N. Zakaria, M.P. Abdullah, A.H. Mohamed, C.A.R. Sukri, N.S. Manan, N. Masood, N.A. Juahir, H. |
| author_facet | Ismail, N. Zakaria, M.P. Abdullah, A.H. Mohamed, C.A.R. Sukri, N.S. Manan, N. Masood, N.A. Juahir, H. |
| author_sort | Ismail, N. |
| building | UKM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Oil pollution has been introduced into the aquatic environment of the South China Sea through anthropogenic activities such as discharging of oil during extraction, transportation and consumption. In order to determine the source of oil pollution in South China Sea, 30 surface sediment samples were collected in 2008 and were analyzed for pentacyclic triterpanes (hopane) by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS) with m/z 191. This study investigates the utility and limitation of individual hopane in tracing the sources of oil pollution by using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Characterization the utility of hopane in determining the source of oil pollution has been done by integrating diagnostic ratios of C29/C30 and ΣC31-C35/C30 with PCA. PCA has classified all target components into 3 major principle components prior to determine their importance in identifying the source of oil pollution. From the rotated component pattern, first principle component (63.24% of variability) loaded by 9 target compounds which namely Ts, Tm, 17α(H), 21β(H)- norhopane, 17α(H), 21β(H)- hopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- homohopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- bishomohopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- trishomohopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- tetrakishomohopane and 22S, 17α(H) and 21β(H)- pentakishopane. Those individual hopanes listed in PC1 were excellent in tracing both oil pollution as all of them degrade less and generally unaffected by even severe biodegradation. This findings give better understanding for non consideration of both 17β(H), 21α(H)- norhopane, 17β(H), 21α(H)- hopane in determining the origin of oil spill. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T23:43:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:generic.eprints.org:6802 |
| institution | Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T23:43:48Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | University Kebangsaan Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | oai:generic.eprints.org:68022016-12-14T06:42:14Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6802/ Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes Ismail, N. Zakaria, M.P. Abdullah, A.H. Mohamed, C.A.R. Sukri, N.S. Manan, N. Masood, N.A. Juahir, H. Oil pollution has been introduced into the aquatic environment of the South China Sea through anthropogenic activities such as discharging of oil during extraction, transportation and consumption. In order to determine the source of oil pollution in South China Sea, 30 surface sediment samples were collected in 2008 and were analyzed for pentacyclic triterpanes (hopane) by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS) with m/z 191. This study investigates the utility and limitation of individual hopane in tracing the sources of oil pollution by using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Characterization the utility of hopane in determining the source of oil pollution has been done by integrating diagnostic ratios of C29/C30 and ΣC31-C35/C30 with PCA. PCA has classified all target components into 3 major principle components prior to determine their importance in identifying the source of oil pollution. From the rotated component pattern, first principle component (63.24% of variability) loaded by 9 target compounds which namely Ts, Tm, 17α(H), 21β(H)- norhopane, 17α(H), 21β(H)- hopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- homohopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- bishomohopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- trishomohopane, 22S, 17α(H), 21β(H)- tetrakishomohopane and 22S, 17α(H) and 21β(H)- pentakishopane. Those individual hopanes listed in PC1 were excellent in tracing both oil pollution as all of them degrade less and generally unaffected by even severe biodegradation. This findings give better understanding for non consideration of both 17β(H), 21α(H)- norhopane, 17β(H), 21α(H)- hopane in determining the origin of oil spill. University Kebangsaan Malaysia 2013 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6802/1/34-62-1-SM.pdf Ismail, N. and Zakaria, M.P. and Abdullah, A.H. and Mohamed, C.A.R. and Sukri, N.S. and Manan, N. and Masood, N.A. and Juahir, H. (2013) Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes. Journal of Tropical Marine Ecosystem, 3 (1). pp. 9-27. ISSN 2231-8062 http://www.ukm.my/jtme/index.php |
| spellingShingle | Ismail, N. Zakaria, M.P. Abdullah, A.H. Mohamed, C.A.R. Sukri, N.S. Manan, N. Masood, N.A. Juahir, H. Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes |
| title | Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes |
| title_full | Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes |
| title_short | Characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from Southwest corner of South China Sea: application of PCA utilizing of individual hopanes |
| title_sort | characterization of hopanes in surface sediments from southwest corner of south china sea: application of pca utilizing of individual hopanes |
| url | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6802/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6802/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6802/1/34-62-1-SM.pdf |