Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak
Gunung Bujang Melaka is set to be developed into a tourist attraction, prompting a study of the granite boulders in the area to ensure visitor safety. This paper aimed to identify potential unstable boulders and produce a stability zonation map of the designated area. Aerial photogrammetry was condu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2025
|
| Online Access: | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25885/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25885/1/SMT%201.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848816474287767552 |
|---|---|
| author | Tan, Jia Qi Norasiah Sulaiman, Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer, Muhammad Taqiuddin Zakaria, Nurul ‘Amalina Md Nor, Askury Abd Kadir, Abdul Ghani Rafek, Ailie Sofyiana Serasa, Lee, Khai Ern Goh, Thian Lai |
| author_facet | Tan, Jia Qi Norasiah Sulaiman, Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer, Muhammad Taqiuddin Zakaria, Nurul ‘Amalina Md Nor, Askury Abd Kadir, Abdul Ghani Rafek, Ailie Sofyiana Serasa, Lee, Khai Ern Goh, Thian Lai |
| author_sort | Tan, Jia Qi |
| building | UKM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Gunung Bujang Melaka is set to be developed into a tourist attraction, prompting a study of the granite boulders in the area to ensure visitor safety. This paper aimed to identify potential unstable boulders and produce a stability zonation map of the designated area. Aerial photogrammetry was conducted to create a 3D model of the project area, capturing the boulders’ characteristics. Each boulder was delineated using 3D processing software-ShapeMetrix-to acquire dimensions, base dipping angles, and azimuths. The general slope angle of the project area was generated using the moving average grid method on the digital elevation model (DEM) produced from the 3D model. Tilt tests were performed on-site, showing a basic frictional angle of 30° and a peak frictional angle of 66°. Over 1,600 boulders were identified across the area, with 274 boulders having visible base angles evaluated using kinematic analysis and the Hoek & Bray block model for stability assessment. The results indicated five types of boulder stability: Exceptionally Stable (8, 3%), Very Stable (102, 37%), Stable (16, 6%), Likely Stable (126, 46%) and Potential Sliding (22, 8%). The remaining boulders, with their base planes concealed by surrounding boulders, were considered interlocking due to deep-seated and support from adjacent boulders. Mitigation measures such as bracing and anchoring are recommended based on their modes of failure. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T01:06:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:generic.eprints.org:25885 |
| institution | Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T01:06:27Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | oai:generic.eprints.org:258852025-09-17T01:57:09Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25885/ Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak Tan, Jia Qi Norasiah Sulaiman, Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer, Muhammad Taqiuddin Zakaria, Nurul ‘Amalina Md Nor, Askury Abd Kadir, Abdul Ghani Rafek, Ailie Sofyiana Serasa, Lee, Khai Ern Goh, Thian Lai Gunung Bujang Melaka is set to be developed into a tourist attraction, prompting a study of the granite boulders in the area to ensure visitor safety. This paper aimed to identify potential unstable boulders and produce a stability zonation map of the designated area. Aerial photogrammetry was conducted to create a 3D model of the project area, capturing the boulders’ characteristics. Each boulder was delineated using 3D processing software-ShapeMetrix-to acquire dimensions, base dipping angles, and azimuths. The general slope angle of the project area was generated using the moving average grid method on the digital elevation model (DEM) produced from the 3D model. Tilt tests were performed on-site, showing a basic frictional angle of 30° and a peak frictional angle of 66°. Over 1,600 boulders were identified across the area, with 274 boulders having visible base angles evaluated using kinematic analysis and the Hoek & Bray block model for stability assessment. The results indicated five types of boulder stability: Exceptionally Stable (8, 3%), Very Stable (102, 37%), Stable (16, 6%), Likely Stable (126, 46%) and Potential Sliding (22, 8%). The remaining boulders, with their base planes concealed by surrounding boulders, were considered interlocking due to deep-seated and support from adjacent boulders. Mitigation measures such as bracing and anchoring are recommended based on their modes of failure. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2025 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25885/1/SMT%201.pdf Tan, Jia Qi and Norasiah Sulaiman, and Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer, and Muhammad Taqiuddin Zakaria, and Nurul ‘Amalina Md Nor, and Askury Abd Kadir, and Abdul Ghani Rafek, and Ailie Sofyiana Serasa, and Lee, Khai Ern and Goh, Thian Lai (2025) Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak. Sains Malaysiana, 54 (7). pp. 1657-1666. ISSN 0126-6039 https://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol54num7_2025/contentsVol54num7_2025.html |
| spellingShingle | Tan, Jia Qi Norasiah Sulaiman, Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer, Muhammad Taqiuddin Zakaria, Nurul ‘Amalina Md Nor, Askury Abd Kadir, Abdul Ghani Rafek, Ailie Sofyiana Serasa, Lee, Khai Ern Goh, Thian Lai Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak |
| title | Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak |
| title_full | Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak |
| title_fullStr | Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak |
| title_short | Systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at Gunung Bujang Melaka, Kampar, Perak |
| title_sort | systematic approach to boulder stability assessment at a boulder covered area: case study at gunung bujang melaka, kampar, perak |
| url | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25885/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25885/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25885/1/SMT%201.pdf |