Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes
This study investigated the influence of light-curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of restorative (Beautifil Bulk-fill Restorative [BR]) and flowable (Beautifil Bulk-fill Flowable [BF]) giomers. The giomers were placed in black opaque acrylic moulds with cylindrical rece...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2025
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| Online Access: | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25640/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25640/1/SE%2017.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848816413207166976 |
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| author | Jia, Wei Lee Bao, Hui Chan Noor Azlin Yahya, Zamri Radzi, Yap, Adrian U-Jin |
| author_facet | Jia, Wei Lee Bao, Hui Chan Noor Azlin Yahya, Zamri Radzi, Yap, Adrian U-Jin |
| author_sort | Jia, Wei Lee |
| building | UKM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This study investigated the influence of light-curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of restorative (Beautifil Bulk-fill Restorative [BR]) and flowable (Beautifil Bulk-fill Flowable [BF]) giomers. The giomers were placed in black opaque acrylic moulds with cylindrical recesses of 5 mm diameter and 4 mm height, and photo-polymerized with a LED light (Bluephase N) using the following modes: High power (HP) 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s); Low power (LP) 650 mW/cm2 (18.5 s); Soft start (SS) 650 mW/cm2 (5 s) followed by 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s). The polymerized specimens were stored at 37 °C for 24 h, after which the top and bottom surfaces of the samples were subjected to microhardness testing to assess the effectiveness of cure. The specimens were then conditioned in 75% ethanol-water solution at 37 °C for 24 h and subjected to post-conditioning microhardness testing to determine cross-link density. Mean bottom-to-top hardness ratios and the softening effect (ΔKHN) with ethanol-water solution were computed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA/post-hoc Bonferroni’s test and independent samples T-test (α=0.05). The influence of curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density were material dependent. Mean pre-conditioning hardness ratios varied from 40.67 to 50.69 for BR and 59.98 to 67.89 for BF with the different curing modes. The most effective cure was achieved with LP and SS for BR and BF, respectively. The lowest cross-link density was observed with LP for both giomers. In conclusion, the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of bulk-fill giomers are more influenced by the material type than light-curing modes applied. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T01:05:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:generic.eprints.org:25640 |
| institution | Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T01:05:28Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | oai:generic.eprints.org:256402025-07-16T08:30:54Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25640/ Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes Jia, Wei Lee Bao, Hui Chan Noor Azlin Yahya, Zamri Radzi, Yap, Adrian U-Jin This study investigated the influence of light-curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of restorative (Beautifil Bulk-fill Restorative [BR]) and flowable (Beautifil Bulk-fill Flowable [BF]) giomers. The giomers were placed in black opaque acrylic moulds with cylindrical recesses of 5 mm diameter and 4 mm height, and photo-polymerized with a LED light (Bluephase N) using the following modes: High power (HP) 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s); Low power (LP) 650 mW/cm2 (18.5 s); Soft start (SS) 650 mW/cm2 (5 s) followed by 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s). The polymerized specimens were stored at 37 °C for 24 h, after which the top and bottom surfaces of the samples were subjected to microhardness testing to assess the effectiveness of cure. The specimens were then conditioned in 75% ethanol-water solution at 37 °C for 24 h and subjected to post-conditioning microhardness testing to determine cross-link density. Mean bottom-to-top hardness ratios and the softening effect (ΔKHN) with ethanol-water solution were computed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA/post-hoc Bonferroni’s test and independent samples T-test (α=0.05). The influence of curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density were material dependent. Mean pre-conditioning hardness ratios varied from 40.67 to 50.69 for BR and 59.98 to 67.89 for BF with the different curing modes. The most effective cure was achieved with LP and SS for BR and BF, respectively. The lowest cross-link density was observed with LP for both giomers. In conclusion, the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of bulk-fill giomers are more influenced by the material type than light-curing modes applied. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2025 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25640/1/SE%2017.pdf Jia, Wei Lee and Bao, Hui Chan and Noor Azlin Yahya, and Zamri Radzi, and Yap, Adrian U-Jin (2025) Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes. Sains Malaysiana, 54 (4). pp. 1177-1185. ISSN 0126-6039 https://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol54num4_2025/contentsVol54num4_2025.html |
| spellingShingle | Jia, Wei Lee Bao, Hui Chan Noor Azlin Yahya, Zamri Radzi, Yap, Adrian U-Jin Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes |
| title | Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes |
| title_full | Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes |
| title_fullStr | Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes |
| title_short | Bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes |
| title_sort | bulk-fill giomers: effectiveness of cure and cross link density associated with different light curing modes |
| url | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25640/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25640/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25640/1/SE%2017.pdf |