Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization
Food waste, including non-reusable materials like chicken bones, forms a significant portion of solid waste. In Malaysia, approximately 540,000 tons of waste cooking oil (WCO) is discarded annually without proper treatment. Chicken bones, rich in calcium, can be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2025
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| Online Access: | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/1/ST%2015.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848816321126465536 |
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| author | Nurul Izzati Saharuddin, Muhammad Afiq Danial Mohamed Nassir, Aina Zulaikha Muzafar Shah, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman, Syahirah Yahya, Farah Wahida Harun, |
| author_facet | Nurul Izzati Saharuddin, Muhammad Afiq Danial Mohamed Nassir, Aina Zulaikha Muzafar Shah, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman, Syahirah Yahya, Farah Wahida Harun, |
| author_sort | Nurul Izzati Saharuddin, |
| building | UKM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Food waste, including non-reusable materials like chicken bones, forms a significant portion of solid waste. In Malaysia, approximately 540,000 tons of waste cooking oil (WCO) is discarded annually without proper treatment. Chicken bones, rich in calcium, can be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, addressing waste management issues. However, the use of chicken bone as a catalyst presents challenges such as the unmodified chicken bones often require a pre-treatment step to reduce high free fatty acid (FFA) content in WCO to prevent saponification, limiting their efficiency. Hence, this research endeavors to innovate by converting WCO into biodiesel via a transesterification reaction, leveraging waste chicken bones as a catalyst. The calcined waste chicken bone (CB) was modified to form 5 wt% Fe-CB, and 10 wt% Fe-CB. The catalysts were found to have similar physical characteristics in terms of the structure and surface morphology observed from XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, and SEM analysis. Among the catalysts, 10 wt% Fe-CB, produced the highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), reaching 72.52%, under mild reaction conditions (10:1 methanol-to-WCO molar ratio, 1 wt% catalyst loading, 60 oC reaction temperature and 4 h reaction time). The capability of 10 wt% Fe-CB to produce a higher fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield than 5 wt% Fe-CB and calcined CB was due to the presence of CaO with binary transition metal oxides providing both acidic and basic sites, allowing for more efficient WCO conversion. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T01:04:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:generic.eprints.org:25305 |
| institution | Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T01:04:01Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | oai:generic.eprints.org:253052025-05-21T08:00:19Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/ Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization Nurul Izzati Saharuddin, Muhammad Afiq Danial Mohamed Nassir, Aina Zulaikha Muzafar Shah, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman, Syahirah Yahya, Farah Wahida Harun, Food waste, including non-reusable materials like chicken bones, forms a significant portion of solid waste. In Malaysia, approximately 540,000 tons of waste cooking oil (WCO) is discarded annually without proper treatment. Chicken bones, rich in calcium, can be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, addressing waste management issues. However, the use of chicken bone as a catalyst presents challenges such as the unmodified chicken bones often require a pre-treatment step to reduce high free fatty acid (FFA) content in WCO to prevent saponification, limiting their efficiency. Hence, this research endeavors to innovate by converting WCO into biodiesel via a transesterification reaction, leveraging waste chicken bones as a catalyst. The calcined waste chicken bone (CB) was modified to form 5 wt% Fe-CB, and 10 wt% Fe-CB. The catalysts were found to have similar physical characteristics in terms of the structure and surface morphology observed from XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, and SEM analysis. Among the catalysts, 10 wt% Fe-CB, produced the highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), reaching 72.52%, under mild reaction conditions (10:1 methanol-to-WCO molar ratio, 1 wt% catalyst loading, 60 oC reaction temperature and 4 h reaction time). The capability of 10 wt% Fe-CB to produce a higher fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield than 5 wt% Fe-CB and calcined CB was due to the presence of CaO with binary transition metal oxides providing both acidic and basic sites, allowing for more efficient WCO conversion. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2025 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/1/ST%2015.pdf Nurul Izzati Saharuddin, and Muhammad Afiq Danial Mohamed Nassir, and Aina Zulaikha Muzafar Shah, and Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, and Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman, and Syahirah Yahya, and Farah Wahida Harun, (2025) Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization. Sains Malaysiana, 54 (2). pp. 493-504. ISSN 0126-6039 https://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol54num2_2025/contentsVol54num2_2025.html |
| spellingShingle | Nurul Izzati Saharuddin, Muhammad Afiq Danial Mohamed Nassir, Aina Zulaikha Muzafar Shah, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman, Syahirah Yahya, Farah Wahida Harun, Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization |
| title | Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization |
| title_full | Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization |
| title_fullStr | Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization |
| title_short | Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization |
| title_sort | catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization |
| url | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/1/ST%2015.pdf |