Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids
Bio-based lubricant is crucial to be developed considering the toxicity risk, climate change, energy security, and green-environmental approach. Palm kernel fatty acids based biolubricants were synthesized by the homogeneous acid-catalyzed esterification reaction between palm kernel fatty acids wi...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2022
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| Online Access: | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/20459/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/20459/1/13.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848815108349755392 |
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| author | Murad Bahadi, Jumat Salimon, Darfizzi Derawi, |
| author_facet | Murad Bahadi, Jumat Salimon, Darfizzi Derawi, |
| author_sort | Murad Bahadi, |
| building | UKM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Bio-based lubricant is crucial to be developed considering the toxicity risk, climate change, energy security, and
green-environmental approach. Palm kernel fatty acids based biolubricants were synthesized by the homogeneous acid-catalyzed esterification reaction between palm kernel fatty acids with selected polyhydric alcohols; trimethylolpropane
(TMP), di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP), and pentaerythritol (PE). The reaction optimization is done using a D-optimal
design based on four parameters; the ratio of reactants, reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading. The
optimum yield range between 80 and 87%, with more than 93% the selectivity of biolubricant products. The chemical
structures of synthesized Palm kernel fatty acids-based biolubricants were characterized and confirmed using FTIR,
NMR (1
H and 13C) spectroscopies, and GC-FID chromatography. The FTIR spectra of palm kernel fatty acids-based
biolubricants products clearly showed the peaks of C=O and C–O of the ester group at 1741-1740 cm-1 and 1234-1152
cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, 1
H NMR spectra confirmed the ester group’s proton chemical shift (-CH2
-O-) at 3.96-
4.11 ppm. The 13C NMR spectra confirmed the carbon chemical shifts of ester carbonyl (C=O) signals at 173.5-173.2
ppm. The results for lubrication properties have shown that the palm kernel fatty acids based biolubricants have low-temperature properties with pour points value in the range of -5 to -10 °C, a high flash point of 320-360 °C, a high
viscosity index (VI) of 140.86-154.8, the kinematic viscosity of 41.76-87.06 cSt (40 °C), 8.73-14.77 cSt (100 °C), and
thermal stability over 210 °C. All synthetic lubricants are categorized as ISO 46 (TMP triester) and ISO 68 (Di-TMP
tetraester and PE tetraester). |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T00:44:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:generic.eprints.org:20459 |
| institution | Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T00:44:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | oai:generic.eprints.org:204592022-11-10T07:12:04Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/20459/ Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids Murad Bahadi, Jumat Salimon, Darfizzi Derawi, Bio-based lubricant is crucial to be developed considering the toxicity risk, climate change, energy security, and green-environmental approach. Palm kernel fatty acids based biolubricants were synthesized by the homogeneous acid-catalyzed esterification reaction between palm kernel fatty acids with selected polyhydric alcohols; trimethylolpropane (TMP), di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP), and pentaerythritol (PE). The reaction optimization is done using a D-optimal design based on four parameters; the ratio of reactants, reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading. The optimum yield range between 80 and 87%, with more than 93% the selectivity of biolubricant products. The chemical structures of synthesized Palm kernel fatty acids-based biolubricants were characterized and confirmed using FTIR, NMR (1 H and 13C) spectroscopies, and GC-FID chromatography. The FTIR spectra of palm kernel fatty acids-based biolubricants products clearly showed the peaks of C=O and C–O of the ester group at 1741-1740 cm-1 and 1234-1152 cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, 1 H NMR spectra confirmed the ester group’s proton chemical shift (-CH2 -O-) at 3.96- 4.11 ppm. The 13C NMR spectra confirmed the carbon chemical shifts of ester carbonyl (C=O) signals at 173.5-173.2 ppm. The results for lubrication properties have shown that the palm kernel fatty acids based biolubricants have low-temperature properties with pour points value in the range of -5 to -10 °C, a high flash point of 320-360 °C, a high viscosity index (VI) of 140.86-154.8, the kinematic viscosity of 41.76-87.06 cSt (40 °C), 8.73-14.77 cSt (100 °C), and thermal stability over 210 °C. All synthetic lubricants are categorized as ISO 46 (TMP triester) and ISO 68 (Di-TMP tetraester and PE tetraester). Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2022-08 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/20459/1/13.pdf Murad Bahadi, and Jumat Salimon, and Darfizzi Derawi, (2022) Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids. Sains Malaysiana, 51 (8). pp. 2507-2529. ISSN 0126-6039 https://www.ukm.my/jsm/malay_journals/jilid51bil8_2022/KandunganJilid51Bil8_2022.html |
| spellingShingle | Murad Bahadi, Jumat Salimon, Darfizzi Derawi, Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids |
| title | Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids |
| title_full | Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids |
| title_short | Synthesis of ISO grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids |
| title_sort | synthesis of iso grade 46 and 68 biolubricant from palm kernel fatty acids |
| url | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/20459/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/20459/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/20459/1/13.pdf |