| Summary: | This study addresses the urgent need to improve energy efficiency in the construction sector, which accounts for 40% of global energy consumption. In the UK, aging residential buildings pose challenges to reducing carbon emissions, making targeted retrofit strategies essential. Current methods lack an integrated approach, so this research evaluates the combined impact of photovoltaic (PV) systems, phase change materials (PCM), insulation, and advanced glazing on energy efficiency using EnergyPlus simulations.
Findings show that wall insulation is the most cost-effective measure, significantly reducing energy consumption with a short payback period. Combining insulation with PCM further enhances savings but extends the payback time. Low-E vacuum glazing improves efficiency, particularly in colder regions, though with a longer return period. PV systems are financially viable across all regions, cutting energy costs with a 5-6 year payback. Air source heat pumps (ASHP) reduce gas dependency but are impacted by high electricity prices.
The best-performing retrofit combination reduces energy consumption by up to 77%, with colder regions benefiting the most. This study highlights the importance of integrating passive and active technologies tailored to building types and climate conditions to achieve the UK’s 2050 net-zero targets. Government incentives are key to promoting widespread adoption, making energy-efficient retrofits both economically viable and environmentally impactful.
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