Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics
Class 1 integrons are genetic elements of bacteria that contribute to the abundance of antibiotic resistance. Poultry products are thought to be one of the most important reservoirs for transmission of antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMR) via foodborne zoonotic pathogens reducing the effectivenes...
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| Format: | Thesis (University of Nottingham only) |
| Language: | English |
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2021
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| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/66673/ |
| _version_ | 1848800349554475008 |
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| author | Almutrafy, Abeer |
| author_facet | Almutrafy, Abeer |
| author_sort | Almutrafy, Abeer |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Class 1 integrons are genetic elements of bacteria that contribute to the abundance of antibiotic resistance. Poultry products are thought to be one of the most important reservoirs for transmission of antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMR) via foodborne zoonotic pathogens reducing the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments. Prebiotics have attracted attention as an aid to reduce pathogen loads and support the intestinal health of poultry. However, whether prebiotics directly reduce the expansion of bacterial populations carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) or reduce their transmission from livestock, is not known. This thesis investigates the potential role of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in the mitigation of ARG prevalence in the microbiomes of broiler chickens reared under biosecure or commercial conditions.
This study identified and estimated the prevalence of three conserved genes present in class 1 integrons (intI1, sul1 and qacEΔ1) from broiler chicken caecal contents reared in biosecure and commercial condition. The prevalence of gene cassettes (GCs) featuring ARGs were examined from birds fed either standard control or an isocaloric diet supplemented with GOS. Six GC types were identified by sequencing long-range PCR products: GCs-A (aadA2, linF), GCs-B-1 (dfrA1, ORF1, aadA24), GCs-B-2 (dfrA1, aadA1), GCs-C-1 (aadA1), GCs-C-2 (aadA1), and GCs-F (aadA9). The predominant GC in biosecure birds was GC-B2, whilst GC-A was more prevalent in commercial birds. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of the caecal microbiota was estimated by evaluation of trimethoprim coliform resistant populations and parallel determination of integrase gene copy number for birds fed either control or GOS diets. Alpha and beta diversities of the caecal bacterial communities were also determined using a 16S rRNA sequencing approach. Differences in the caecal communities were calculated using AMOVA and differentially abundant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) identified by LEfSe (Linear discriminant analysis effect size).
Feeding prebiotic GOS to 22 days of age mitigated the expansion of antibiotics resistance populations observed in the control microbiome composition for broiler chickens reared in a biosecure environment. Colonization by zoonotic Salmonella Enteritidis demonstrated that both Salmonella and GOS feed influence the structure of the gut microbiome. GOS treatment altered the proportions of specific OTUs in infected bird compared to non-infected. These important changes resulted in a faster clearance of Salmonella infection in GOS-fed birds compared to control fed birds, which was associated with a significant increase on Negativicutes at the expense of Clostridiales. It is hypothesized that this change restricts the abundance of Proteobacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance due to the depletion of oxygen. Thus, GOS feed modulates the broiler microbiome, which can have a positive impact on the safety of poultry products by reducing the incidence of foodborne pathogens, mitigating the antibiotic resistance load, and improving overall public and animal health. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:50:09Z |
| format | Thesis (University of Nottingham only) |
| id | nottingham-66673 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:50:09Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-666732021-12-08T04:40:14Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/66673/ Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics Almutrafy, Abeer Class 1 integrons are genetic elements of bacteria that contribute to the abundance of antibiotic resistance. Poultry products are thought to be one of the most important reservoirs for transmission of antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMR) via foodborne zoonotic pathogens reducing the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments. Prebiotics have attracted attention as an aid to reduce pathogen loads and support the intestinal health of poultry. However, whether prebiotics directly reduce the expansion of bacterial populations carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) or reduce their transmission from livestock, is not known. This thesis investigates the potential role of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in the mitigation of ARG prevalence in the microbiomes of broiler chickens reared under biosecure or commercial conditions. This study identified and estimated the prevalence of three conserved genes present in class 1 integrons (intI1, sul1 and qacEΔ1) from broiler chicken caecal contents reared in biosecure and commercial condition. The prevalence of gene cassettes (GCs) featuring ARGs were examined from birds fed either standard control or an isocaloric diet supplemented with GOS. Six GC types were identified by sequencing long-range PCR products: GCs-A (aadA2, linF), GCs-B-1 (dfrA1, ORF1, aadA24), GCs-B-2 (dfrA1, aadA1), GCs-C-1 (aadA1), GCs-C-2 (aadA1), and GCs-F (aadA9). The predominant GC in biosecure birds was GC-B2, whilst GC-A was more prevalent in commercial birds. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of the caecal microbiota was estimated by evaluation of trimethoprim coliform resistant populations and parallel determination of integrase gene copy number for birds fed either control or GOS diets. Alpha and beta diversities of the caecal bacterial communities were also determined using a 16S rRNA sequencing approach. Differences in the caecal communities were calculated using AMOVA and differentially abundant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) identified by LEfSe (Linear discriminant analysis effect size). Feeding prebiotic GOS to 22 days of age mitigated the expansion of antibiotics resistance populations observed in the control microbiome composition for broiler chickens reared in a biosecure environment. Colonization by zoonotic Salmonella Enteritidis demonstrated that both Salmonella and GOS feed influence the structure of the gut microbiome. GOS treatment altered the proportions of specific OTUs in infected bird compared to non-infected. These important changes resulted in a faster clearance of Salmonella infection in GOS-fed birds compared to control fed birds, which was associated with a significant increase on Negativicutes at the expense of Clostridiales. It is hypothesized that this change restricts the abundance of Proteobacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance due to the depletion of oxygen. Thus, GOS feed modulates the broiler microbiome, which can have a positive impact on the safety of poultry products by reducing the incidence of foodborne pathogens, mitigating the antibiotic resistance load, and improving overall public and animal health. 2021-12-08 Thesis (University of Nottingham only) NonPeerReviewed application/pdf en cc_by https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/66673/1/final-Abeer%20Almutrafy%20correction%20for%2022-09-2021.pdf Almutrafy, Abeer (2021) Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham. Antibiotic Resistance Genes antimicrobial resistance bacteria AMR broiler chickens class 1 integron |
| spellingShingle | Antibiotic Resistance Genes antimicrobial resistance bacteria AMR broiler chickens class 1 integron Almutrafy, Abeer Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics |
| title | Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics |
| title_full | Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics |
| title_fullStr | Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics |
| title_short | Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Class 1 Integrons in Chicken Microbiomes Modulated by Prebiotics |
| title_sort | antibiotic resistance genes of class 1 integrons in chicken microbiomes modulated by prebiotics |
| topic | Antibiotic Resistance Genes antimicrobial resistance bacteria AMR broiler chickens class 1 integron |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/66673/ |