The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects
The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed dru...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65572/ |
| _version_ | 1848800243878985728 |
|---|---|
| author | Yan, Yuxin Pang, Yoongxin Lyu, Zhuoyi Wang, Ruiqi Wu, Xinyun You, Chong Zhao, Haitao Manickam, Sivakumar Lester, Edward Wu, Tao Pang, Cheng Heng |
| author_facet | Yan, Yuxin Pang, Yoongxin Lyu, Zhuoyi Wang, Ruiqi Wu, Xinyun You, Chong Zhao, Haitao Manickam, Sivakumar Lester, Edward Wu, Tao Pang, Cheng Heng |
| author_sort | Yan, Yuxin |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed drugs to control the outbreak. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, and a collective global effort has been invested into protection against SARS-CoV-2. As of March 2021, thirteen vaccines have been approved for application whilst over 90 vaccine candidates are under clinical trials. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and vaccination reactions of the authorised vaccines. The mechanisms, storage, and dosage specification of vaccine candidates at the advanced stage of development are also critically reviewed together with considerations for potential challenges. Whilst the development of a vaccine is, in general, in its infancy, current progress is promising. However, the world population will have to continue to adapt to the “new normal” and practice social distancing and hygienic measures, at least until effective vaccines are available to the general public. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:48:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-65572 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:48:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-655722021-06-04T03:19:18Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65572/ The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects Yan, Yuxin Pang, Yoongxin Lyu, Zhuoyi Wang, Ruiqi Wu, Xinyun You, Chong Zhao, Haitao Manickam, Sivakumar Lester, Edward Wu, Tao Pang, Cheng Heng The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed drugs to control the outbreak. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, and a collective global effort has been invested into protection against SARS-CoV-2. As of March 2021, thirteen vaccines have been approved for application whilst over 90 vaccine candidates are under clinical trials. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and vaccination reactions of the authorised vaccines. The mechanisms, storage, and dosage specification of vaccine candidates at the advanced stage of development are also critically reviewed together with considerations for potential challenges. Whilst the development of a vaccine is, in general, in its infancy, current progress is promising. However, the world population will have to continue to adapt to the “new normal” and practice social distancing and hygienic measures, at least until effective vaccines are available to the general public. MDPI AG 2021-04-05 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en cc_by https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65572/1/The%20COVID-19%20vaccines%20Recent%20development%2C%20challenges%20and%20prospects.pdf Yan, Yuxin, Pang, Yoongxin, Lyu, Zhuoyi, Wang, Ruiqi, Wu, Xinyun, You, Chong, Zhao, Haitao, Manickam, Sivakumar, Lester, Edward, Wu, Tao and Pang, Cheng Heng (2021) The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects. Vaccines, 9 (4). p. 349. ISSN 2076-393X vaccines; COVID-19; global pandemic; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040349 doi:10.3390/vaccines9040349 doi:10.3390/vaccines9040349 |
| spellingShingle | vaccines; COVID-19; global pandemic; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2 Yan, Yuxin Pang, Yoongxin Lyu, Zhuoyi Wang, Ruiqi Wu, Xinyun You, Chong Zhao, Haitao Manickam, Sivakumar Lester, Edward Wu, Tao Pang, Cheng Heng The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects |
| title | The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects |
| title_full | The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects |
| title_fullStr | The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects |
| title_full_unstemmed | The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects |
| title_short | The COVID-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects |
| title_sort | covid-19 vaccines: recent development, challenges and prospects |
| topic | vaccines; COVID-19; global pandemic; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2 |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65572/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65572/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65572/ |