Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey
Background: Partial- or full-lockdowns, among other interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, may disproportionally affect people (their behaviors and health outcomes) with lower socioeconomic status (SES). This study examines income-related health inequalities and their main contributors in China...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65380/ |
| _version_ | 1848800220173828096 |
|---|---|
| author | Nie, Peng Ding, Lanlin Chen, Zhuo Liu, Shiyong Zhang, Qi Shi, Zumin Wang, Lu Xue, Hong Liu, Gordon G. Wang, Youfa |
| author_facet | Nie, Peng Ding, Lanlin Chen, Zhuo Liu, Shiyong Zhang, Qi Shi, Zumin Wang, Lu Xue, Hong Liu, Gordon G. Wang, Youfa |
| author_sort | Nie, Peng |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Partial- or full-lockdowns, among other interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, may disproportionally affect people (their behaviors and health outcomes) with lower socioeconomic status (SES). This study examines income-related health inequalities and their main contributors in China during the pandemic.
Methods: The 2020 China COVID-19 Survey is an anonymous 74-item survey administered via social media in China. A national sample of 10,545 adults in all 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China provided comprehensive data on sociodemographic characteristics, awareness and attitudes towards COVID19, lifestyle factors, and health outcomes during the lockdown. Of them, 8448 subjects provided data for this analysis. Concentration Index (CI) and Corrected CI (CCI) were used to measure income-related inequalities in mental health and self-reported health (SRH), respectively. Wagstaff-type decomposition analysis was used to identify contributors to health inequalities.
Results: Most participants reported their health status as “very good” (39.0%) or “excellent” (42.3%). CCI of SRH and mental health were − 0.09 (p < 0.01) and 0.04 (p < 0.01), respectively, indicating pro-poor inequality in ill SRH and pro-rich inequality in ill mental health. Income was the leading contributor to inequalities in SRH and mental health, accounting for 62.7% (p < 0.01) and 39.0% (p < 0.05) of income-related inequalities, respectively. The COVID-19 related variables, including self-reported family-member COVID-19 infection, job loss, experiences of food and medication shortage, engagement in physical activity, and five different-level pandemic regions of residence, explained substantial inequalities in ill SRH and ill mental health, accounting for 29.7% (p < 0.01) and 20.6% (p < 0.01), respectively. Self-reported family member COVID-19 infection, experiencing food and medication shortage, and engagement in physical activity explain 9.4% (p < 0.01), 2.6% (the summed contributions of experiencing food shortage (0.9%) and medication shortage (1.7%), p < 0.01), and 17.6% (p < 0.01) inequality in SRH, respectively (8.9% (p < 0.01), 24.1% (p < 0.01), and 15.1% (p < 0.01) for mental health).Conclusions: Per capita household income last year, experiences of food and medication shortage, self-reported family member COVID-19 infection, and physical activity are important contributors to health inequalities, especially mental health in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Intervention programs should be implemented to support vulnerable groups. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:48:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-65380 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:48:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-653802021-06-04T02:25:02Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65380/ Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey Nie, Peng Ding, Lanlin Chen, Zhuo Liu, Shiyong Zhang, Qi Shi, Zumin Wang, Lu Xue, Hong Liu, Gordon G. Wang, Youfa Background: Partial- or full-lockdowns, among other interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, may disproportionally affect people (their behaviors and health outcomes) with lower socioeconomic status (SES). This study examines income-related health inequalities and their main contributors in China during the pandemic. Methods: The 2020 China COVID-19 Survey is an anonymous 74-item survey administered via social media in China. A national sample of 10,545 adults in all 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China provided comprehensive data on sociodemographic characteristics, awareness and attitudes towards COVID19, lifestyle factors, and health outcomes during the lockdown. Of them, 8448 subjects provided data for this analysis. Concentration Index (CI) and Corrected CI (CCI) were used to measure income-related inequalities in mental health and self-reported health (SRH), respectively. Wagstaff-type decomposition analysis was used to identify contributors to health inequalities. Results: Most participants reported their health status as “very good” (39.0%) or “excellent” (42.3%). CCI of SRH and mental health were − 0.09 (p < 0.01) and 0.04 (p < 0.01), respectively, indicating pro-poor inequality in ill SRH and pro-rich inequality in ill mental health. Income was the leading contributor to inequalities in SRH and mental health, accounting for 62.7% (p < 0.01) and 39.0% (p < 0.05) of income-related inequalities, respectively. The COVID-19 related variables, including self-reported family-member COVID-19 infection, job loss, experiences of food and medication shortage, engagement in physical activity, and five different-level pandemic regions of residence, explained substantial inequalities in ill SRH and ill mental health, accounting for 29.7% (p < 0.01) and 20.6% (p < 0.01), respectively. Self-reported family member COVID-19 infection, experiencing food and medication shortage, and engagement in physical activity explain 9.4% (p < 0.01), 2.6% (the summed contributions of experiencing food shortage (0.9%) and medication shortage (1.7%), p < 0.01), and 17.6% (p < 0.01) inequality in SRH, respectively (8.9% (p < 0.01), 24.1% (p < 0.01), and 15.1% (p < 0.01) for mental health).Conclusions: Per capita household income last year, experiences of food and medication shortage, self-reported family member COVID-19 infection, and physical activity are important contributors to health inequalities, especially mental health in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Intervention programs should be implemented to support vulnerable groups. 2021-04-26 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en cc_by https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65380/1/s12939-021-01448-9.pdf Nie, Peng, Ding, Lanlin, Chen, Zhuo, Liu, Shiyong, Zhang, Qi, Shi, Zumin, Wang, Lu, Xue, Hong, Liu, Gordon G. and Wang, Youfa (2021) Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20 (1). ISSN 1475-9276 COVID-19; Health inequality ;Mental health ;Socioeconomic status; China http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01448-9 doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01448-9 doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01448-9 |
| spellingShingle | COVID-19; Health inequality ;Mental health ;Socioeconomic status; China Nie, Peng Ding, Lanlin Chen, Zhuo Liu, Shiyong Zhang, Qi Shi, Zumin Wang, Lu Xue, Hong Liu, Gordon G. Wang, Youfa Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey |
| title | Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey |
| title_full | Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey |
| title_fullStr | Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey |
| title_short | Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey |
| title_sort | income-related health inequality among chinese adults during the covid-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey |
| topic | COVID-19; Health inequality ;Mental health ;Socioeconomic status; China |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65380/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65380/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/65380/ |