The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services
Background: It is vital that the treatment offered at transgender health services can be evaluated to ensure a high quality of care. However, the tools currently used to evaluate treatment at transgender health services are limited by mainly focusing on mental health or because they have been develo...
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| Format: | Article |
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Taylor & Francis
2018
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| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50436/ |
| _version_ | 1848798250640867328 |
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| author | Jones, Bethany Alice Bouman, Walter Pierre Haycraft, Emma Arcelus, Jon |
| author_facet | Jones, Bethany Alice Bouman, Walter Pierre Haycraft, Emma Arcelus, Jon |
| author_sort | Jones, Bethany Alice |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: It is vital that the treatment offered at transgender health services can be evaluated to ensure a high quality of care. However, the tools currently used to evaluate treatment at transgender health services are limited by mainly focusing on mental health or because they have been developed for binary transgender people only. This study therefore aimed to develop and validate a tool that addresses these limitations. The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS) was developed through reviewing the literature, conducting interviews with transgender people, and holding discussions with experts working in transgender healthcare. An initial pool of items was developed and feedback on these was obtained. The tool was then validated.
Method: For the validation of the tool a total of 789 participants (451 transgender [171 transgender females, 147 transgender males, 133 people identifying as non-binary], and 338 cisgender [254 females, 84 males]) were recruited from the United Kingdom to test the factor structure and validity of the GCLS.
Results: Exploratory factor analysis retained 38 items which formed seven subscales (psychological functioning; genitalia; social gender role recognition; physical and emotional intimacy; chest; other secondary sex characteristics; and life satisfaction). These seven subscales were found to have good internal consistency and convergent validity. The GCLS was also found to be capable of discriminating between groups (e.g., people who have and have not undergone gender affirming medical interventions). Transgender and cisgender subscale norms are provided for the GCLS.
Conclusion: The GCLS is a suitable tool to use with the transgender population to measure health-related outcomes for both clinical and research purposes. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:16:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-50436 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:16:47Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-504362020-05-04T19:33:39Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50436/ The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services Jones, Bethany Alice Bouman, Walter Pierre Haycraft, Emma Arcelus, Jon Background: It is vital that the treatment offered at transgender health services can be evaluated to ensure a high quality of care. However, the tools currently used to evaluate treatment at transgender health services are limited by mainly focusing on mental health or because they have been developed for binary transgender people only. This study therefore aimed to develop and validate a tool that addresses these limitations. The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS) was developed through reviewing the literature, conducting interviews with transgender people, and holding discussions with experts working in transgender healthcare. An initial pool of items was developed and feedback on these was obtained. The tool was then validated. Method: For the validation of the tool a total of 789 participants (451 transgender [171 transgender females, 147 transgender males, 133 people identifying as non-binary], and 338 cisgender [254 females, 84 males]) were recruited from the United Kingdom to test the factor structure and validity of the GCLS. Results: Exploratory factor analysis retained 38 items which formed seven subscales (psychological functioning; genitalia; social gender role recognition; physical and emotional intimacy; chest; other secondary sex characteristics; and life satisfaction). These seven subscales were found to have good internal consistency and convergent validity. The GCLS was also found to be capable of discriminating between groups (e.g., people who have and have not undergone gender affirming medical interventions). Transgender and cisgender subscale norms are provided for the GCLS. Conclusion: The GCLS is a suitable tool to use with the transgender population to measure health-related outcomes for both clinical and research purposes. Taylor & Francis 2018-04-26 Article PeerReviewed Jones, Bethany Alice, Bouman, Walter Pierre, Haycraft, Emma and Arcelus, Jon (2018) The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services. International Journal of Transgenderism . ISSN 1434-4599 transgender; non-binary identities; gender congruence; gender distress; mental health; life satisfaction; scale; treatment outcome https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1453425 doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1453425 doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1453425 |
| spellingShingle | transgender; non-binary identities; gender congruence; gender distress; mental health; life satisfaction; scale; treatment outcome Jones, Bethany Alice Bouman, Walter Pierre Haycraft, Emma Arcelus, Jon The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services |
| title | The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services |
| title_full | The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services |
| title_fullStr | The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services |
| title_short | The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services |
| title_sort | gender congruence and life satisfaction scale (gcls): development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services |
| topic | transgender; non-binary identities; gender congruence; gender distress; mental health; life satisfaction; scale; treatment outcome |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50436/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50436/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50436/ |