Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation
In an era of significant air traffic expansion characterized by a rising congestion of the radiofrequency spectrum and a widespread introduction of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are being exposed to a variety of threats including signal interferences, ad...
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Elsevier
2017
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| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48175/ |
| _version_ | 1848797709417316352 |
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| author | Sabatini, Roberto Moore, Terry Ramasamy, Subramanian |
| author_facet | Sabatini, Roberto Moore, Terry Ramasamy, Subramanian |
| author_sort | Sabatini, Roberto |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | In an era of significant air traffic expansion characterized by a rising congestion of the radiofrequency spectrum and a widespread introduction of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are being exposed to a variety of threats including signal interferences, adverse propagation effects and challenging platform-satellite relative dynamics. Thus, there is a need to characterize GNSS signal degradations and assess the effects of interfering sources on the performance of avionics GNSS receivers and augmentation systems used for an increasing number of mission-essential and safety-critical aviation tasks (e.g., experimental flight testing, flight inspection/certification of ground-based radio navigation aids, wide area navigation and precision approach). GNSS signal deteriorations typically occur due to antenna obscuration caused by natural and man-made obstructions present in the environment (e.g., elevated terrain and tall buildings when flying at low altitude) or by the aircraft itself during manoeuvring (e.g., aircraft wings and empennage masking the on-board GNSS antenna), ionospheric scintillation, Doppler shift, multipath, jamming and spurious satellite transmissions. Anyone of these phenomena can result in partial to total loss of tracking and possible tracking errors, depending on the severity of the effect and the receiver characteristics. After designing GNSS performance threats, the various augmentation strategies adopted in the Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management and Avionics (CNS + A) context are addressed in detail. GNSS augmentation can take many forms but all strategies share the same fundamental principle of providing supplementary information whose objective is improving the performance and/or trustworthiness of the system. Hence it is of paramount importance to consider the synergies offered by different augmentation strategies including Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS), Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS) and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). Furthermore, by employing multi-GNSS constellations and multi-sensor data fusion techniques, improvements in availability and continuity can be obtained. SBAS is designed to improve GNSS system integrity and accuracy for aircraft navigation and landing, while an alternative approach to GNSS augmentation is to transmit integrity and differential correction messages from ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS). In addition to existing space and ground based augmentation systems, GNSS augmentation may take the form of additional information being provided by other on-board avionics systems, such as in ABAS. As these on-board systems normally operate via separate principles than GNSS, they are not subject to the same sources of error or interference. Using suitable data link and data processing technologies on the ground, a certified ABAS capability could be a core element of a future GNSS Space-Ground-Aircraft Augmentation Network (SGAAN). Although current augmentation systems can provide significant improvement of GNSS navigation performance, a properly designed and flight-certified SGAAN could play a key role in trusted autonomous system and cyber-physical system applications such as UAS Sense-and-Avoid (SAA). |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:08:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-48175 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
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| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:08:11Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| spelling | nottingham-481752020-05-04T19:17:11Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48175/ Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation Sabatini, Roberto Moore, Terry Ramasamy, Subramanian In an era of significant air traffic expansion characterized by a rising congestion of the radiofrequency spectrum and a widespread introduction of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are being exposed to a variety of threats including signal interferences, adverse propagation effects and challenging platform-satellite relative dynamics. Thus, there is a need to characterize GNSS signal degradations and assess the effects of interfering sources on the performance of avionics GNSS receivers and augmentation systems used for an increasing number of mission-essential and safety-critical aviation tasks (e.g., experimental flight testing, flight inspection/certification of ground-based radio navigation aids, wide area navigation and precision approach). GNSS signal deteriorations typically occur due to antenna obscuration caused by natural and man-made obstructions present in the environment (e.g., elevated terrain and tall buildings when flying at low altitude) or by the aircraft itself during manoeuvring (e.g., aircraft wings and empennage masking the on-board GNSS antenna), ionospheric scintillation, Doppler shift, multipath, jamming and spurious satellite transmissions. Anyone of these phenomena can result in partial to total loss of tracking and possible tracking errors, depending on the severity of the effect and the receiver characteristics. After designing GNSS performance threats, the various augmentation strategies adopted in the Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management and Avionics (CNS + A) context are addressed in detail. GNSS augmentation can take many forms but all strategies share the same fundamental principle of providing supplementary information whose objective is improving the performance and/or trustworthiness of the system. Hence it is of paramount importance to consider the synergies offered by different augmentation strategies including Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS), Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS) and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). Furthermore, by employing multi-GNSS constellations and multi-sensor data fusion techniques, improvements in availability and continuity can be obtained. SBAS is designed to improve GNSS system integrity and accuracy for aircraft navigation and landing, while an alternative approach to GNSS augmentation is to transmit integrity and differential correction messages from ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS). In addition to existing space and ground based augmentation systems, GNSS augmentation may take the form of additional information being provided by other on-board avionics systems, such as in ABAS. As these on-board systems normally operate via separate principles than GNSS, they are not subject to the same sources of error or interference. Using suitable data link and data processing technologies on the ground, a certified ABAS capability could be a core element of a future GNSS Space-Ground-Aircraft Augmentation Network (SGAAN). Although current augmentation systems can provide significant improvement of GNSS navigation performance, a properly designed and flight-certified SGAAN could play a key role in trusted autonomous system and cyber-physical system applications such as UAS Sense-and-Avoid (SAA). Elsevier 2017-11-12 Article PeerReviewed Sabatini, Roberto, Moore, Terry and Ramasamy, Subramanian (2017) Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 95 . pp. 45-98. ISSN 0376-0421 Air navigation; Global navigation satellite system; Aerospace electronic systems; Avionics; Differential GNSS; GNSS performance; High-integrity systems; Integrity monitoring; GNSS augmentation; Satellite based augmentation system; Ground based augmentation system; Aircraft based augmentation system; Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring; Safety-critical aviation applications; Cyber-physical systems; Aviation security https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.10.002 doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.10.002 doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.10.002 |
| spellingShingle | Air navigation; Global navigation satellite system; Aerospace electronic systems; Avionics; Differential GNSS; GNSS performance; High-integrity systems; Integrity monitoring; GNSS augmentation; Satellite based augmentation system; Ground based augmentation system; Aircraft based augmentation system; Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring; Safety-critical aviation applications; Cyber-physical systems; Aviation security Sabatini, Roberto Moore, Terry Ramasamy, Subramanian Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation |
| title | Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation |
| title_full | Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation |
| title_fullStr | Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation |
| title_short | Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation |
| title_sort | global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation |
| topic | Air navigation; Global navigation satellite system; Aerospace electronic systems; Avionics; Differential GNSS; GNSS performance; High-integrity systems; Integrity monitoring; GNSS augmentation; Satellite based augmentation system; Ground based augmentation system; Aircraft based augmentation system; Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring; Safety-critical aviation applications; Cyber-physical systems; Aviation security |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48175/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48175/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48175/ |