Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys
The Kroll process has been employed for titanium extraction since the 1950s. It is a labour and energy intensive multi-step semi-batch process. The post-extraction processes for making the raw titanium into alloys and products are also excessive, including multiple remelting steps. Invented in the l...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
Springer
2018
|
| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48035/ |
| _version_ | 1848797676657704960 |
|---|---|
| author | Hu, Di Dolganov, Aleksei Ma, Mingchan Bhattacharya, Biyash Bishop, Matthew T. Chen, George Z. |
| author_facet | Hu, Di Dolganov, Aleksei Ma, Mingchan Bhattacharya, Biyash Bishop, Matthew T. Chen, George Z. |
| author_sort | Hu, Di |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The Kroll process has been employed for titanium extraction since the 1950s. It is a labour and energy intensive multi-step semi-batch process. The post-extraction processes for making the raw titanium into alloys and products are also excessive, including multiple remelting steps. Invented in the late 1990s, the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge process extracts titanium from solid oxides at lower energy consumption via electrochemical reduction in molten salts. Its ability to produce alloys and powders, while retaining the cathode shape also promises energy and material efficient manufacturing. Focusing on titanium and its alloys, this article reviews the recent development of the FFC-Cambridge process in two aspects, (i) resource and process sustainability and (ii) advanced post-extraction processing. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:07:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-48035 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:07:40Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | Springer |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-480352020-05-08T09:45:05Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48035/ Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys Hu, Di Dolganov, Aleksei Ma, Mingchan Bhattacharya, Biyash Bishop, Matthew T. Chen, George Z. The Kroll process has been employed for titanium extraction since the 1950s. It is a labour and energy intensive multi-step semi-batch process. The post-extraction processes for making the raw titanium into alloys and products are also excessive, including multiple remelting steps. Invented in the late 1990s, the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge process extracts titanium from solid oxides at lower energy consumption via electrochemical reduction in molten salts. Its ability to produce alloys and powders, while retaining the cathode shape also promises energy and material efficient manufacturing. Focusing on titanium and its alloys, this article reviews the recent development of the FFC-Cambridge process in two aspects, (i) resource and process sustainability and (ii) advanced post-extraction processing. Springer 2018-02-28 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en cc_by https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48035/37/10.1007_s11837-017-2664-4.pdf application/pdf en https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48035/2/Electronic%20Supplementary%20Materials_final%20draft%207_plain%20text.pdf Hu, Di, Dolganov, Aleksei, Ma, Mingchan, Bhattacharya, Biyash, Bishop, Matthew T. and Chen, George Z. (2018) Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys. JOM: the Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 70 (2). pp. 129-137. ISSN 1543-1851 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11837-017-2664-4 doi:10.1007/s11837-017-2664-4 doi:10.1007/s11837-017-2664-4 |
| spellingShingle | Hu, Di Dolganov, Aleksei Ma, Mingchan Bhattacharya, Biyash Bishop, Matthew T. Chen, George Z. Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys |
| title | Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys |
| title_full | Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys |
| title_fullStr | Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys |
| title_short | Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys |
| title_sort | development of the fray-farthing-chen cambridge process: towards the sustainable production of titanium and its alloys |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48035/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48035/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48035/ |