Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy
We report an approach – named chemTEM – to follow chemical transformations at the single-molecule level with the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) applied as both a tuneable source of energy and a sub-Angstrom imaging probe. Deposited on graphene, disk-shaped perchlorocoronen...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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American Chemical Society
2017
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| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40649/ |
| _version_ | 1848796107011784704 |
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| author | Chamberlain, Thomas W. Biskupek, Johannes Skowron, Stephen T. Markevich, Alexander V. Kurasch, Simon Reimer, Oliver Walker, Kate F. Rance, Graham A. Xinliang, Feng Müllen, Klaus Turchanin, Andrey Lebedeva, Maria A. Majouga, Alexander G. Nenajdenko, Valentin G. Kaiser, Ute Besley, Nicholas A. Khlobystov, Andrei N. |
| author_facet | Chamberlain, Thomas W. Biskupek, Johannes Skowron, Stephen T. Markevich, Alexander V. Kurasch, Simon Reimer, Oliver Walker, Kate F. Rance, Graham A. Xinliang, Feng Müllen, Klaus Turchanin, Andrey Lebedeva, Maria A. Majouga, Alexander G. Nenajdenko, Valentin G. Kaiser, Ute Besley, Nicholas A. Khlobystov, Andrei N. |
| author_sort | Chamberlain, Thomas W. |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | We report an approach – named chemTEM – to follow chemical transformations at the single-molecule level with the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) applied as both a tuneable source of energy and a sub-Angstrom imaging probe. Deposited on graphene, disk-shaped perchlorocoronene molecules are precluded from intermolecular interactions. This allows monomolecular transformations to be studied at the single-molecule level in real time and reveals chlorine elimination and reactive aryne formation as a key initial stage of multi-step reactions initiated by the 80 keV e-beam. Under the same conditions, perchlorocoronene confined within a nanotube cavity, where the molecules are situated in very close proximity to each other, enables imaging of intermolecular reactions, starting with the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a generated aryne, followed by rearrangement of the angular adduct to a planar polyaromatic structure and the formation of a perchlorinated zigzag nanoribbon of graphene as the final product. ChemTEM enables the entire process of polycondensation, including the formation of metastable intermediates, to be captured in a one-shot ‘movie’. A molecule with a similar size and shape but with a different chemical composition, octathio[8]circulene, under the same conditions undergoes another type of polycondensation via thiyl biradical generation and subsequent reaction leading to polythiophene nanoribbons with irregular edges incorporating bridging sulphur atoms. Graphene or carbon nanotubes supporting the individual molecules during chemTEM studies ensure that the elastic interactions of the molecules with the e-beam are the dominant forces that initiate and drive the reactions we image. Our ab initio DFT calculations explicitly incorporating the e-beam in the theoretical model correlate with the chemTEM observations and give a mechanism for direct control not only of the type of the reaction but also of the reaction rate. Selection of the appropriate e-beam energy and control of the dose rate in chemTEM enabled imaging of reactions on a timeframe commensurate with TEM image capture rates, revealing atomistic mechanisms of previously unknown processes. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T19:42:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-40649 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T19:42:43Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | American Chemical Society |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-406492020-05-04T18:34:54Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40649/ Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy Chamberlain, Thomas W. Biskupek, Johannes Skowron, Stephen T. Markevich, Alexander V. Kurasch, Simon Reimer, Oliver Walker, Kate F. Rance, Graham A. Xinliang, Feng Müllen, Klaus Turchanin, Andrey Lebedeva, Maria A. Majouga, Alexander G. Nenajdenko, Valentin G. Kaiser, Ute Besley, Nicholas A. Khlobystov, Andrei N. We report an approach – named chemTEM – to follow chemical transformations at the single-molecule level with the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) applied as both a tuneable source of energy and a sub-Angstrom imaging probe. Deposited on graphene, disk-shaped perchlorocoronene molecules are precluded from intermolecular interactions. This allows monomolecular transformations to be studied at the single-molecule level in real time and reveals chlorine elimination and reactive aryne formation as a key initial stage of multi-step reactions initiated by the 80 keV e-beam. Under the same conditions, perchlorocoronene confined within a nanotube cavity, where the molecules are situated in very close proximity to each other, enables imaging of intermolecular reactions, starting with the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a generated aryne, followed by rearrangement of the angular adduct to a planar polyaromatic structure and the formation of a perchlorinated zigzag nanoribbon of graphene as the final product. ChemTEM enables the entire process of polycondensation, including the formation of metastable intermediates, to be captured in a one-shot ‘movie’. A molecule with a similar size and shape but with a different chemical composition, octathio[8]circulene, under the same conditions undergoes another type of polycondensation via thiyl biradical generation and subsequent reaction leading to polythiophene nanoribbons with irregular edges incorporating bridging sulphur atoms. Graphene or carbon nanotubes supporting the individual molecules during chemTEM studies ensure that the elastic interactions of the molecules with the e-beam are the dominant forces that initiate and drive the reactions we image. Our ab initio DFT calculations explicitly incorporating the e-beam in the theoretical model correlate with the chemTEM observations and give a mechanism for direct control not only of the type of the reaction but also of the reaction rate. Selection of the appropriate e-beam energy and control of the dose rate in chemTEM enabled imaging of reactions on a timeframe commensurate with TEM image capture rates, revealing atomistic mechanisms of previously unknown processes. American Chemical Society 2017-02-13 Article PeerReviewed Chamberlain, Thomas W., Biskupek, Johannes, Skowron, Stephen T., Markevich, Alexander V., Kurasch, Simon, Reimer, Oliver, Walker, Kate F., Rance, Graham A., Xinliang, Feng, Müllen, Klaus, Turchanin, Andrey, Lebedeva, Maria A., Majouga, Alexander G., Nenajdenko, Valentin G., Kaiser, Ute, Besley, Nicholas A. and Khlobystov, Andrei N. (2017) Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy. ACS Nano, 11 (3). pp. 2509-2520. ISSN 1936-086X transmission electron microscopy carbon nanotube graphene single-molecule imaging single-molecule reaction http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsnano.6b08228 doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b08228 doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b08228 |
| spellingShingle | transmission electron microscopy carbon nanotube graphene single-molecule imaging single-molecule reaction Chamberlain, Thomas W. Biskupek, Johannes Skowron, Stephen T. Markevich, Alexander V. Kurasch, Simon Reimer, Oliver Walker, Kate F. Rance, Graham A. Xinliang, Feng Müllen, Klaus Turchanin, Andrey Lebedeva, Maria A. Majouga, Alexander G. Nenajdenko, Valentin G. Kaiser, Ute Besley, Nicholas A. Khlobystov, Andrei N. Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy |
| title | Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy |
| title_full | Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy |
| title_fullStr | Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy |
| title_short | Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy |
| title_sort | stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy |
| topic | transmission electron microscopy carbon nanotube graphene single-molecule imaging single-molecule reaction |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40649/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40649/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40649/ |