Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm
As one of the emerging algorithms in the field of artificial immune systems (AIS), the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) has been successfully applied to a number of challenging real-world problems. However, one criticism is the lack of a formal definition, which could result in ambiguity for understan...
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| Format: | Article |
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Elsevier
2013
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| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3336/ |
| _version_ | 1848791003425669120 |
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| author | Gu, Feng Greensmith, Julie Aickelin, Uwe |
| author_facet | Gu, Feng Greensmith, Julie Aickelin, Uwe |
| author_sort | Gu, Feng |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | As one of the emerging algorithms in the field of artificial immune systems (AIS), the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) has been successfully applied to a number of challenging real-world problems. However, one criticism is the lack of a formal definition, which could result in ambiguity for understanding the algorithm. Moreover, previous investigations have mainly focused on its empirical aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a formal definition of the algorithm, as well as to perform runtime analyses to reveal its theoretical aspects. In this paper, we define the deterministic version of the DCA, named the dDCA, using set theory and mathematical functions. Runtime analyses of the standard algorithm and the one with additional segmentation are performed. Our analysis suggests that the standard dDCA has a runtime complexity of O(n2)O(n2) for the worst-case scenario, where n is the number of input data instances. The introduction of segmentation changes the algorithm's worst case runtime complexity to O(max(nN,nz))O(max(nN,nz)), for DC population size N with size of each segment z. Finally, two runtime variables of the algorithm are formulated based on the input data, to understand its runtime behaviour as guidelines for further development. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T18:21:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-3336 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T18:21:36Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-33362020-05-04T20:19:37Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3336/ Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm Gu, Feng Greensmith, Julie Aickelin, Uwe As one of the emerging algorithms in the field of artificial immune systems (AIS), the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) has been successfully applied to a number of challenging real-world problems. However, one criticism is the lack of a formal definition, which could result in ambiguity for understanding the algorithm. Moreover, previous investigations have mainly focused on its empirical aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a formal definition of the algorithm, as well as to perform runtime analyses to reveal its theoretical aspects. In this paper, we define the deterministic version of the DCA, named the dDCA, using set theory and mathematical functions. Runtime analyses of the standard algorithm and the one with additional segmentation are performed. Our analysis suggests that the standard dDCA has a runtime complexity of O(n2)O(n2) for the worst-case scenario, where n is the number of input data instances. The introduction of segmentation changes the algorithm's worst case runtime complexity to O(max(nN,nz))O(max(nN,nz)), for DC population size N with size of each segment z. Finally, two runtime variables of the algorithm are formulated based on the input data, to understand its runtime behaviour as guidelines for further development. Elsevier 2013-02 Article PeerReviewed Gu, Feng, Greensmith, Julie and Aickelin, Uwe (2013) Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm. Biosystems, 111 (2). pp. 127-135. ISSN 0303-2647 Artificial Immune Systems Biomedical Informatics; Dendritic cell algorithm; Runtime analysis; Formulation and formalisation http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264713000063 doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.01.001 doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.01.001 |
| spellingShingle | Artificial Immune Systems Biomedical Informatics; Dendritic cell algorithm; Runtime analysis; Formulation and formalisation Gu, Feng Greensmith, Julie Aickelin, Uwe Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm |
| title | Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm |
| title_full | Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm |
| title_fullStr | Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm |
| title_short | Theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm |
| title_sort | theoretical formulation and analysis of the deterministic dendritic cell algorithm |
| topic | Artificial Immune Systems Biomedical Informatics; Dendritic cell algorithm; Runtime analysis; Formulation and formalisation |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3336/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3336/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3336/ |