The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study
Background Smoking increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, several population studies also show a higher risk in people 3–5 years after smoking cessation than in continuing smokers. After 10–12 years the risk equates to that of never-smokers. Small cohort studies suggest diabet...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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Elsevier
2015
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| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31615/ |
| _version_ | 1848794236332277760 |
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| author | Lycett, Deborah Nichols, Linda Ryan, Ronan Farley, Amanda Roalfe, Andrea Mohammed, Mohammed A. Szatkowski, Lisa Coleman, Tim Morriss, Richard K. Farmer, Andrew Aveyard, Paul |
| author_facet | Lycett, Deborah Nichols, Linda Ryan, Ronan Farley, Amanda Roalfe, Andrea Mohammed, Mohammed A. Szatkowski, Lisa Coleman, Tim Morriss, Richard K. Farmer, Andrew Aveyard, Paul |
| author_sort | Lycett, Deborah |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background
Smoking increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, several population studies also show a higher risk in people 3–5 years after smoking cessation than in continuing smokers. After 10–12 years the risk equates to that of never-smokers. Small cohort studies suggest diabetes control deteriorates temporarily during the first year after quitting. We examined whether or not quitting smoking was associated with altered diabetes control in a population study, for how long this association persisted, and whether or not this association was mediated by weight change.
Methods
We did a retrospective cohort study (Jan 1, 2005, to Dec 31, 2010) of adult smokers with type 2 diabetes using The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a large UK primary care database. We developed adjusted multilevel regression models to investigate the association between a quit event, smoking abstinence duration, change in HbA1c, and the mediating effect of weight change.
Findings
10 692 adult smokers with type 2 diabetes were included. 3131 (29%) quit smoking and remained abstinent for at least 1 year. After adjustment for potential confounders, HbA1c increased by 0·21% (95% CI 0·17–0·25; p<0·001; [2·34 mmol/mol (95% CI 1·91–2·77)]) within the first year after quitting. HbA1c decreased as abstinence continued and became comparable to that of continual smokers after 3 years. This increase in HbA1c was not mediated by weight change.
Interpretation
In type 2 diabetes, smoking cessation is associated with deterioration in glycaemic control that lasts for 3 years and is unrelated to weight gain. At a population level, this temporary rise could increase microvascular complications. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T19:12:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-31615 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T19:12:59Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-316152024-08-15T15:32:37Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31615/ The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study Lycett, Deborah Nichols, Linda Ryan, Ronan Farley, Amanda Roalfe, Andrea Mohammed, Mohammed A. Szatkowski, Lisa Coleman, Tim Morriss, Richard K. Farmer, Andrew Aveyard, Paul Background Smoking increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, several population studies also show a higher risk in people 3–5 years after smoking cessation than in continuing smokers. After 10–12 years the risk equates to that of never-smokers. Small cohort studies suggest diabetes control deteriorates temporarily during the first year after quitting. We examined whether or not quitting smoking was associated with altered diabetes control in a population study, for how long this association persisted, and whether or not this association was mediated by weight change. Methods We did a retrospective cohort study (Jan 1, 2005, to Dec 31, 2010) of adult smokers with type 2 diabetes using The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a large UK primary care database. We developed adjusted multilevel regression models to investigate the association between a quit event, smoking abstinence duration, change in HbA1c, and the mediating effect of weight change. Findings 10 692 adult smokers with type 2 diabetes were included. 3131 (29%) quit smoking and remained abstinent for at least 1 year. After adjustment for potential confounders, HbA1c increased by 0·21% (95% CI 0·17–0·25; p<0·001; [2·34 mmol/mol (95% CI 1·91–2·77)]) within the first year after quitting. HbA1c decreased as abstinence continued and became comparable to that of continual smokers after 3 years. This increase in HbA1c was not mediated by weight change. Interpretation In type 2 diabetes, smoking cessation is associated with deterioration in glycaemic control that lasts for 3 years and is unrelated to weight gain. At a population level, this temporary rise could increase microvascular complications. Elsevier 2015-06 Article PeerReviewed Lycett, Deborah, Nichols, Linda, Ryan, Ronan, Farley, Amanda, Roalfe, Andrea, Mohammed, Mohammed A., Szatkowski, Lisa, Coleman, Tim, Morriss, Richard K., Farmer, Andrew and Aveyard, Paul (2015) The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 3 (6). pp. 423-430. ISSN 2213-8595 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00082-0 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00082-0 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00082-0 |
| spellingShingle | Lycett, Deborah Nichols, Linda Ryan, Ronan Farley, Amanda Roalfe, Andrea Mohammed, Mohammed A. Szatkowski, Lisa Coleman, Tim Morriss, Richard K. Farmer, Andrew Aveyard, Paul The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study |
| title | The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study |
| title_full | The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study |
| title_fullStr | The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study |
| title_short | The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study |
| title_sort | association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a thin database cohort study |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31615/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31615/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31615/ |