Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy
Introduction: The Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) is validated to measure nicotine dependence in nonpregnant smokers, and in these smokers, mean salivary and serum cotinine levels are related by a ratio of 1.25. However, as nicotine metabolism increases during gestation, these findings may differ...
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| Format: | Article |
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Oxford University Press
2014
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| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2854/ |
| _version_ | 1848790893204602880 |
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| author | Kwok, T'ng Chang Taggar, Jaspal Cooper, Sue Lewis, Sarah Coleman, Tim |
| author_facet | Kwok, T'ng Chang Taggar, Jaspal Cooper, Sue Lewis, Sarah Coleman, Tim |
| author_sort | Kwok, T'ng Chang |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Introduction: The Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) is validated to measure nicotine dependence in nonpregnant smokers,
and in these smokers, mean salivary and serum cotinine levels are related by a ratio of 1.25. However, as nicotine metabolism
increases during gestation, these findings may differ in pregnancy. We investigated the validity of HSI in pregnancy by comparing
this with 3 biochemical measures; and in a search for a less-invasive cotinine measure in pregnancy, we also explored the
relationship between mean blood and salivary cotinine levels.
Methods: Cross-sectional analyses using baseline data from the Smoking, Nicotine, and Pregnancy Trial. Participants were
16–46 years old, 12–24 weeks gestation, smoked more than 5 cigarettes per day and had exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) readings
of at least 8 ppm. Linear regression was used to examine correlations between HSI and blood cotinine, and salivary cotinine
and exhaled CO. Correlation between blood and salivary cotinine was investigated using linear regression through the origin.
Results: HSI scores were associated with blood cotinine (R2 = 0.20, n = 662, p < .001), salivary cotinine (R2 = 0.11, n = 967,
p < .001), and exhaled CO (R2 = 0.13, n = 1,050, p < .001). Salivary and blood cotinine levels, taken simultaneously, were highly
correlated (R2 = 0.91, n = 628, p < .001) and the saliva:blood level ratio was 1.01 (95% CI 0.99–1.04).
Conclusions: Correlations between HSI and biochemical measures in pregnancy were comparable with those obtained outside
pregnancy, suggesting that HSI has similar validity in pregnant smokers. Salivary and blood cotinine levels are roughly equivalent
in pregnant smokers. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T18:19:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-2854 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T18:19:51Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-28542020-05-04T20:14:53Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2854/ Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy Kwok, T'ng Chang Taggar, Jaspal Cooper, Sue Lewis, Sarah Coleman, Tim Introduction: The Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) is validated to measure nicotine dependence in nonpregnant smokers, and in these smokers, mean salivary and serum cotinine levels are related by a ratio of 1.25. However, as nicotine metabolism increases during gestation, these findings may differ in pregnancy. We investigated the validity of HSI in pregnancy by comparing this with 3 biochemical measures; and in a search for a less-invasive cotinine measure in pregnancy, we also explored the relationship between mean blood and salivary cotinine levels. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses using baseline data from the Smoking, Nicotine, and Pregnancy Trial. Participants were 16–46 years old, 12–24 weeks gestation, smoked more than 5 cigarettes per day and had exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) readings of at least 8 ppm. Linear regression was used to examine correlations between HSI and blood cotinine, and salivary cotinine and exhaled CO. Correlation between blood and salivary cotinine was investigated using linear regression through the origin. Results: HSI scores were associated with blood cotinine (R2 = 0.20, n = 662, p < .001), salivary cotinine (R2 = 0.11, n = 967, p < .001), and exhaled CO (R2 = 0.13, n = 1,050, p < .001). Salivary and blood cotinine levels, taken simultaneously, were highly correlated (R2 = 0.91, n = 628, p < .001) and the saliva:blood level ratio was 1.01 (95% CI 0.99–1.04). Conclusions: Correlations between HSI and biochemical measures in pregnancy were comparable with those obtained outside pregnancy, suggesting that HSI has similar validity in pregnant smokers. Salivary and blood cotinine levels are roughly equivalent in pregnant smokers. Oxford University Press 2014-04 Article PeerReviewed Kwok, T'ng Chang, Taggar, Jaspal, Cooper, Sue, Lewis, Sarah and Coleman, Tim (2014) Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16 (2). pp. 145-154. ISSN 1462-2203 http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/2/145.abstract doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt127 doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt127 |
| spellingShingle | Kwok, T'ng Chang Taggar, Jaspal Cooper, Sue Lewis, Sarah Coleman, Tim Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy |
| title | Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the
second trimester of pregnancy |
| title_full | Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the
second trimester of pregnancy |
| title_fullStr | Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the
second trimester of pregnancy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the
second trimester of pregnancy |
| title_short | Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the
second trimester of pregnancy |
| title_sort | nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the
second trimester of pregnancy |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2854/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2854/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2854/ |