The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites
The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goa...
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| Format: | Article |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
2022
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/1658/ |
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| author | Cionita, Tezara Januar, Parlaungan Siregar Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Deni Fajar, Fitriyana Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Agustinus, Purna Irawan Agung, Efriyo Hadi |
| author_facet | Cionita, Tezara Januar, Parlaungan Siregar Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Deni Fajar, Fitriyana Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Agustinus, Purna Irawan Agung, Efriyo Hadi |
| author_sort | Cionita, Tezara |
| building | INTI Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER composite were determined in this work, with a 30 wt.% of PKCF having the highest tensile strength of 31.20 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 39.70 MPa. The tensile and flexural strength were reduced to 22.90 MPa and 30.50 MPa, respectively, when the filler loading was raised to 40 wt.%. A 5 wt.% alkali treatment for 1 h improved the composites’ mechanical characteristics. Lastly, an alkali treatment can aid in the resolution of the problem of inadequate matrix and filler interaction. Alkaline treatment is a popular and effective method for reducing the hydroxyl group in fillers and, thus, improving interfacial bonding. Overall, palm kernel cake is a promising material used as a filler in polymer composites. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:56:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | intimal-1658 |
| institution | INTI International University |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:56:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | intimal-16582022-08-26T05:18:58Z http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/1658/ The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites Cionita, Tezara Januar, Parlaungan Siregar Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Deni Fajar, Fitriyana Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Agustinus, Purna Irawan Agung, Efriyo Hadi T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER composite were determined in this work, with a 30 wt.% of PKCF having the highest tensile strength of 31.20 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 39.70 MPa. The tensile and flexural strength were reduced to 22.90 MPa and 30.50 MPa, respectively, when the filler loading was raised to 40 wt.%. A 5 wt.% alkali treatment for 1 h improved the composites’ mechanical characteristics. Lastly, an alkali treatment can aid in the resolution of the problem of inadequate matrix and filler interaction. Alkaline treatment is a popular and effective method for reducing the hydroxyl group in fillers and, thus, improving interfacial bonding. Overall, palm kernel cake is a promising material used as a filler in polymer composites. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2022-07-28 Article PeerReviewed Cionita, Tezara and Januar, Parlaungan Siregar and Wong, Ling Shing and Cheng, Wan Hee and Deni Fajar, Fitriyana and Jamiluddin, Jaafar and Ramli, Junid and Agustinus, Purna Irawan and Agung, Efriyo Hadi (2022) The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers, 14 (15). ISSN 2073-4360 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153063 |
| spellingShingle | T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology Cionita, Tezara Januar, Parlaungan Siregar Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Deni Fajar, Fitriyana Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Agustinus, Purna Irawan Agung, Efriyo Hadi The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites |
| title | The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites |
| title_full | The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites |
| title_short | The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites |
| title_sort | influence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites |
| topic | T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/1658/ http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/1658/ |