Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as a major health hazard that mostly affects people older than 60 years. AD is one of the biggest medical, economic, and social concerns to patients and their caregivers. AD was ranked as the 5th leading cause of global deaths in 2016 by the World Health Organi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020
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| Online Access: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/1/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/2/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_SCOPUS.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/13/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20alzheimer%E2%80%99s%20disease_WoS.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848789053018734592 |
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| author | Ibrahim, Nurul Husna Yahaya, Mohamad Fairuz Mohamed, Wael Mohamed Yousef Seong, Ling Teoh Chua, Kien Hui Kumar, Jaya |
| author_facet | Ibrahim, Nurul Husna Yahaya, Mohamad Fairuz Mohamed, Wael Mohamed Yousef Seong, Ling Teoh Chua, Kien Hui Kumar, Jaya |
| author_sort | Ibrahim, Nurul Husna |
| building | IIUM Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as a major health hazard that mostly affects people older than 60 years. AD is one of the biggest medical, economic, and social concerns to patients and their caregivers. AD was ranked as the 5th leading cause of global deaths in 2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Many drugs targeting the production, aggregation, and clearance of Aβ plaques failed to give any conclusive clinical outcomes. This mainly stems from the fact that AD is not a disease attributed to a single-gene mutation. Two hallmarks of AD, Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), can simultaneously induce other AD etiologies where every pathway is a loop of consequential events. Therefore, the focus of recent AD research has shifted to exploring other etiologies, such as neuroinflammation and central hyperexcitability. Neuroinflammation results from the hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes that release pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the neurological insults caused by Aβ plaques and NFTs, eventually leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. This review will report the failures and side effects of many anti-Aβ drugs. In addition, emerging treatments targeting neuroinflammation in AD, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), that restore calcium dyshomeostasis and microglia physiological function in clearing Aβ plaques, respectively, will be deliberately discussed. Other novel pharmacotherapy strategies in treating AD, including disease-modifying agents (DMTs), repurposing of medications used to treat non-AD illnesses, and multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) are also reviewed. These approaches open new doors to the development of AD therapy, especially combination therapy that can cater for several targets simultaneously, hence effectively slowing or stopping AD. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T17:50:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | iium-80953 |
| institution | International Islamic University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English English English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T17:50:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | iium-809532021-01-19T01:16:50Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/ Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty Ibrahim, Nurul Husna Yahaya, Mohamad Fairuz Mohamed, Wael Mohamed Yousef Seong, Ling Teoh Chua, Kien Hui Kumar, Jaya RC321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as a major health hazard that mostly affects people older than 60 years. AD is one of the biggest medical, economic, and social concerns to patients and their caregivers. AD was ranked as the 5th leading cause of global deaths in 2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Many drugs targeting the production, aggregation, and clearance of Aβ plaques failed to give any conclusive clinical outcomes. This mainly stems from the fact that AD is not a disease attributed to a single-gene mutation. Two hallmarks of AD, Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), can simultaneously induce other AD etiologies where every pathway is a loop of consequential events. Therefore, the focus of recent AD research has shifted to exploring other etiologies, such as neuroinflammation and central hyperexcitability. Neuroinflammation results from the hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes that release pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the neurological insults caused by Aβ plaques and NFTs, eventually leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. This review will report the failures and side effects of many anti-Aβ drugs. In addition, emerging treatments targeting neuroinflammation in AD, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), that restore calcium dyshomeostasis and microglia physiological function in clearing Aβ plaques, respectively, will be deliberately discussed. Other novel pharmacotherapy strategies in treating AD, including disease-modifying agents (DMTs), repurposing of medications used to treat non-AD illnesses, and multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) are also reviewed. These approaches open new doors to the development of AD therapy, especially combination therapy that can cater for several targets simultaneously, hence effectively slowing or stopping AD. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-03 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/1/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s.pdf application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/2/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_SCOPUS.pdf application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/13/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20alzheimer%E2%80%99s%20disease_WoS.pdf Ibrahim, Nurul Husna and Yahaya, Mohamad Fairuz and Mohamed, Wael Mohamed Yousef and Seong, Ling Teoh and Chua, Kien Hui and Kumar, Jaya (2020) Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1663-9812 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00261/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00261 |
| spellingShingle | RC321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Ibrahim, Nurul Husna Yahaya, Mohamad Fairuz Mohamed, Wael Mohamed Yousef Seong, Ling Teoh Chua, Kien Hui Kumar, Jaya Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty |
| title | Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty |
| title_full | Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty |
| title_fullStr | Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty |
| title_short | Pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty |
| title_sort | pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease: seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty |
| topic | RC321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry |
| url | http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/1/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/2/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_SCOPUS.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/80953/13/80953_Pharmacotherapy%20of%20alzheimer%E2%80%99s%20disease_WoS.pdf |