Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
The adulteration of butter has become a major problem in food industries. Butter has a similar characteristic to lard which makes lard a desirable adulterant in butter due to economic advantages. Therefore, the method of detection to analyse the adulteration practice must be developed. This study...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Science Education Technology (SET) Publisher
2019
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| Online Access: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/1/71434_Chemometrics%20Analysis%20Combined.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848787447970791424 |
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| author | Ahmad Fadzillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi |
| author_facet | Ahmad Fadzillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi |
| author_sort | Ahmad Fadzillah, Nurrulhidayah |
| building | IIUM Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The adulteration of butter has become a major problem in food industries. Butter has a similar characteristic
to lard which makes lard a desirable adulterant in butter due to economic advantages. Therefore, the method of
detection to analyse the adulteration practice must be developed. This study used NMR spectroscopy in combination
with chemometrics for the authentication of butter from lard. The presence of lard as an adulterant in butter has been analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with the aid of chemometric of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA). PC1 described 82% of the variation while PC2 accounted for 15% of the variation resulted in a model that described 80% of the total variance in the data. With 82% of the peak variation along the first PC, it was clear that all seventeen samples of
butter in the market and pure lard sample were formed according to their own group and showed two well-defined and well-separated group. DA model classified 100% of all samples accurately according to its group (butter and butter adulterated with animal fats), meaning that no samples were misclassified into the wrong group. Lard was successfully determined at 2.63 ppm. In this study, NMR and PCA analysis have successfully discriminated between the market sample and lard and the results established that there is no lard being adulterated in all commercial butter samples. This could be a potential identification approach to determine if the product has been deceived in the market. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T17:25:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | iium-71434 |
| institution | International Islamic University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T17:25:05Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Science Education Technology (SET) Publisher |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | iium-714342021-07-23T15:34:36Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration Ahmad Fadzillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi RS Pharmacy and materia medica TP248.13 Biotechnology TP670 Oils, fats, waxes The adulteration of butter has become a major problem in food industries. Butter has a similar characteristic to lard which makes lard a desirable adulterant in butter due to economic advantages. Therefore, the method of detection to analyse the adulteration practice must be developed. This study used NMR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for the authentication of butter from lard. The presence of lard as an adulterant in butter has been analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with the aid of chemometric of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA). PC1 described 82% of the variation while PC2 accounted for 15% of the variation resulted in a model that described 80% of the total variance in the data. With 82% of the peak variation along the first PC, it was clear that all seventeen samples of butter in the market and pure lard sample were formed according to their own group and showed two well-defined and well-separated group. DA model classified 100% of all samples accurately according to its group (butter and butter adulterated with animal fats), meaning that no samples were misclassified into the wrong group. Lard was successfully determined at 2.63 ppm. In this study, NMR and PCA analysis have successfully discriminated between the market sample and lard and the results established that there is no lard being adulterated in all commercial butter samples. This could be a potential identification approach to determine if the product has been deceived in the market. Science Education Technology (SET) Publisher 2019-03 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/1/71434_Chemometrics%20Analysis%20Combined.pdf Ahmad Fadzillah, Nurrulhidayah and Rohman, Abdul and Ismail, Amin and Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna and Rosman, Arieff Salleh and Khatib, Alfi and Mohd Hassan, Norazian and Othman, Rashidi (2019) Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 9 (2). pp. 87-94. ISSN 2223-3806 E-ISSN 1927-5951 http://setpublisher.com/downloads/jpansv9n2a5/ https://doi.org/120.29169/1927-5951.2019.09.02.5 |
| spellingShingle | RS Pharmacy and materia medica TP248.13 Biotechnology TP670 Oils, fats, waxes Ahmad Fadzillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration |
| title | Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR
spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration |
| title_full | Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR
spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration |
| title_fullStr | Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR
spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR
spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration |
| title_short | Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR
spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration |
| title_sort | chemometrics analysis combined with gc-ms and nmr
spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration |
| topic | RS Pharmacy and materia medica TP248.13 Biotechnology TP670 Oils, fats, waxes |
| url | http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/1/71434_Chemometrics%20Analysis%20Combined.pdf |