Sludge palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by two-step processes
In this study, biodiesel was produced from sludge palm oil (SPO) using tolune-4-sulfonic monohydrate acid (PTSA) as an acid catalyst in different dosages in the presence of methanol to convert free fatty acid (FFA) to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), followed by a transesterification process using...
| Main Authors: | Hayyan, Adeeb, Alam, Md. Zahangir, Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed, Kabbashi, Nassereldeen Ahmed, Mohd Hakimi, Noor Irma Nazashida, Mohd Siran, Yosri, Tahiruddin, Shawaluddin |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2010
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/4069/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/4069/1/Biodiesel-esterification-BITE.pdf |
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