Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil
Recently, biodiesel production from abundant bio-sources has drawn the attention of the academic and the industrial community. In this study, crude palm oil (CPO) containing 8.7% free fatty acid content (FFA) was used as raw material. Different common types of acid catalysts (sulfuric acid, methanes...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Academic Journals
2012
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| Online Access: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/1/Hayyan_et_al.%2C_2012-_African_Journal_of_Biotechnology.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848779531140202496 |
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| author | Hayyan, Adeeb Mjalli, Farouq Sabri Hayyan, Maan Alnashef, Inas Muen Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed |
| author_facet | Hayyan, Adeeb Mjalli, Farouq Sabri Hayyan, Maan Alnashef, Inas Muen Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed |
| author_sort | Hayyan, Adeeb |
| building | IIUM Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Recently, biodiesel production from abundant bio-sources has drawn the attention of the academic and the industrial community. In this study, crude palm oil (CPO) containing 8.7% free fatty acid content (FFA) was used as raw material. Different common types of acid catalysts (sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid and hydrochloric acid) were optimized to investigate the catalytic activity of each acid in the pre-treatment of CPO by the esterification process. Ultrasonic energy was used for the reduction of FFA in CPO. FFA content was measured at different sonication intervals, and the optimum time was determined. Hydrochloric acid showed the highest catalytic activity in the reduction of FFA content in CPO, as well as in converting FFA to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). From this work, it is reasonable to conclude that there is significant enhancement in the pre-treatment of oils by applying ultrasonic energy using long sonication time.
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| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T15:19:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | iium-25822 |
| institution | International Islamic University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T15:19:15Z |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publisher | Academic Journals |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | iium-258222014-07-16T05:19:41Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/ Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil Hayyan, Adeeb Mjalli, Farouq Sabri Hayyan, Maan Alnashef, Inas Muen Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed T Technology (General) Recently, biodiesel production from abundant bio-sources has drawn the attention of the academic and the industrial community. In this study, crude palm oil (CPO) containing 8.7% free fatty acid content (FFA) was used as raw material. Different common types of acid catalysts (sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid and hydrochloric acid) were optimized to investigate the catalytic activity of each acid in the pre-treatment of CPO by the esterification process. Ultrasonic energy was used for the reduction of FFA in CPO. FFA content was measured at different sonication intervals, and the optimum time was determined. Hydrochloric acid showed the highest catalytic activity in the reduction of FFA content in CPO, as well as in converting FFA to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). From this work, it is reasonable to conclude that there is significant enhancement in the pre-treatment of oils by applying ultrasonic energy using long sonication time. Academic Journals 2012-07-31 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/1/Hayyan_et_al.%2C_2012-_African_Journal_of_Biotechnology.pdf Hayyan, Adeeb and Mjalli, Farouq Sabri and Hayyan, Maan and Alnashef, Inas Muen and Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed (2012) Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (61). pp. 12510-12517. ISSN 1684–5315 http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb/PDF/pdf2012/31Jul/Hayyan%20et%20al.pdf 10.5897/AJB12.1709 |
| spellingShingle | T Technology (General) Hayyan, Adeeb Mjalli, Farouq Sabri Hayyan, Maan Alnashef, Inas Muen Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil |
| title | Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil |
| title_full | Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil |
| title_fullStr | Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil |
| title_short | Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil |
| title_sort | utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil |
| topic | T Technology (General) |
| url | http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/25822/1/Hayyan_et_al.%2C_2012-_African_Journal_of_Biotechnology.pdf |