| Summary: | ToxA is one of the most studied proteinaceous necrotrophic effectors produced by plant pathogens. It has been identified in four pathogens (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Parastagonospora nodorum, Parastagonospora pseudonodorum [formerly Parastagonospora avenaria f. sp. tritici], and Bipolaris sorokiniana) causing leaf spot diseases on cereals worldwide. To date, 24 different ToxA haplotypes have been identified. Some P. tritici-repentis and related species also express ToxB, another small protein necrotrophic effector. We present here a revised and standardized nomenclature for these effectors, which could be extended to other polyhaplotypic genes found across multiple species.
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