Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends
To address climate change concerns, and reduce the carbon footprint caused by fossil fuel use, it is likely that blend ratios of renewable biodiesel with commercial mineral diesel fuel will steadily increase, resulting in biodiesel use becoming more widespread. Exhaust toxicity of unblended biodiese...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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2023
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP170104346 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/94726 |
| _version_ | 1848765906517229568 |
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| author | Landwehr, K.R. Hillas, J. Mead-Hunter, Ryan King, Andrew O'Leary, R.A. Kicic, Anthony Mullins, Ben Larcombe, Alexander |
| author_facet | Landwehr, K.R. Hillas, J. Mead-Hunter, Ryan King, Andrew O'Leary, R.A. Kicic, Anthony Mullins, Ben Larcombe, Alexander |
| author_sort | Landwehr, K.R. |
| building | Curtin Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | To address climate change concerns, and reduce the carbon footprint caused by fossil fuel use, it is likely that blend ratios of renewable biodiesel with commercial mineral diesel fuel will steadily increase, resulting in biodiesel use becoming more widespread. Exhaust toxicity of unblended biodiesels changes depending on feedstock type, however the effect of feedstock on blended fuels is less well known. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of biodiesel feedstock on exhaust toxicity of 20% blended biodiesel fuels (B20). Primary human airway epithelial cells were exposed to exhaust diluted 1/15 with air from an engine running on conventional ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) or 20% blends of soy, canola, waste cooking oil (WCO), tallow, palm or cottonseed biodiesel in diesel. Physico-chemical exhaust properties were compared between fuels and the post-exposure effect of exhaust on cellular viability and media release was assessed 24 h later. Exhaust properties changed significantly between all fuels with cottonseed B20 being the most different to both ULSD and its respective unblended biodiesel. Exposure to palm B20 resulted in significantly decreased cellular viability (96.3 ± 1.7%; p < 0.01) whereas exposure to soy B20 generated the greatest number of changes in mediator release (including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, p < 0.05) when compared to air exposed controls, with palm B20 and tallow B20 closely following. In contrast, canola B20 and WCO B20 were the least toxic with only mediators G-CSF and TNF-α being significantly increased. Therefore, exposure to palm B20, soy B20 and tallow B20 were found to be the most toxic and exposure to canola B20 and WCO B20 the least. The top three most toxic and the bottom three least toxic B20 fuels are consistent with their unblended counterparts, suggesting that feedstock type greatly impacts exhaust toxicity, even when biodiesel only comprises 20% of the fuel. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:42:42Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | curtin-20.500.11937-94726 |
| institution | Curtin University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | eng |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:42:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | curtin-20.500.11937-947262024-04-10T09:01:47Z Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends Landwehr, K.R. Hillas, J. Mead-Hunter, Ryan King, Andrew O'Leary, R.A. Kicic, Anthony Mullins, Ben Larcombe, Alexander Exhaust exposure Health In vitro exposure model Toxicology of exhaust emissions Vehicle emissions Humans Biofuels Particulate Matter Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Cottonseed Oil Vehicle Emissions Gasoline Minerals WAERP Humans Minerals Cottonseed Oil Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Particulate Matter Biofuels To address climate change concerns, and reduce the carbon footprint caused by fossil fuel use, it is likely that blend ratios of renewable biodiesel with commercial mineral diesel fuel will steadily increase, resulting in biodiesel use becoming more widespread. Exhaust toxicity of unblended biodiesels changes depending on feedstock type, however the effect of feedstock on blended fuels is less well known. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of biodiesel feedstock on exhaust toxicity of 20% blended biodiesel fuels (B20). Primary human airway epithelial cells were exposed to exhaust diluted 1/15 with air from an engine running on conventional ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) or 20% blends of soy, canola, waste cooking oil (WCO), tallow, palm or cottonseed biodiesel in diesel. Physico-chemical exhaust properties were compared between fuels and the post-exposure effect of exhaust on cellular viability and media release was assessed 24 h later. Exhaust properties changed significantly between all fuels with cottonseed B20 being the most different to both ULSD and its respective unblended biodiesel. Exposure to palm B20 resulted in significantly decreased cellular viability (96.3 ± 1.7%; p < 0.01) whereas exposure to soy B20 generated the greatest number of changes in mediator release (including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, p < 0.05) when compared to air exposed controls, with palm B20 and tallow B20 closely following. In contrast, canola B20 and WCO B20 were the least toxic with only mediators G-CSF and TNF-α being significantly increased. Therefore, exposure to palm B20, soy B20 and tallow B20 were found to be the most toxic and exposure to canola B20 and WCO B20 the least. The top three most toxic and the bottom three least toxic B20 fuels are consistent with their unblended counterparts, suggesting that feedstock type greatly impacts exhaust toxicity, even when biodiesel only comprises 20% of the fuel. 2023 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/94726 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136873 eng http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP170104346 fulltext |
| spellingShingle | Exhaust exposure Health In vitro exposure model Toxicology of exhaust emissions Vehicle emissions Humans Biofuels Particulate Matter Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Cottonseed Oil Vehicle Emissions Gasoline Minerals WAERP Humans Minerals Cottonseed Oil Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Particulate Matter Biofuels Landwehr, K.R. Hillas, J. Mead-Hunter, Ryan King, Andrew O'Leary, R.A. Kicic, Anthony Mullins, Ben Larcombe, Alexander Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends |
| title | Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends |
| title_full | Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends |
| title_fullStr | Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends |
| title_short | Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends |
| title_sort | biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends |
| topic | Exhaust exposure Health In vitro exposure model Toxicology of exhaust emissions Vehicle emissions Humans Biofuels Particulate Matter Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Cottonseed Oil Vehicle Emissions Gasoline Minerals WAERP Humans Minerals Cottonseed Oil Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Particulate Matter Biofuels |
| url | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP170104346 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/94726 |