Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years.
OBJECTIVE: To develop and internally validate a Free Sugars Screener (FSS) for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. DESIGN: Using data collected from a 99-item (2-year-olds) and 98-item (5-year-olds) Food Frequency Questionnaire in the Study of Mother's and Infant's Life Events affectin...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2023
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1046219 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/93686 |
| _version_ | 1848765765796233216 |
|---|---|
| author | Bell, Lucinda K Leemaqz, Shalem Devenish-Coleman, Gemma Do, Loc G Ha, Diep Scott, Jane Golley, Rebecca K |
| author_facet | Bell, Lucinda K Leemaqz, Shalem Devenish-Coleman, Gemma Do, Loc G Ha, Diep Scott, Jane Golley, Rebecca K |
| author_sort | Bell, Lucinda K |
| building | Curtin Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | OBJECTIVE: To develop and internally validate a Free Sugars Screener (FSS) for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. DESIGN: Using data collected from a 99-item (2-year-olds) and 98-item (5-year-olds) Food Frequency Questionnaire in the Study of Mother's and Infant's Life Events affecting oral health (SMILE-FFQ), a regression-based prediction modelling approach was employed to identify a subset of items that accurately estimate total free sugars intake (FSI). The predictors were grams of free sugars (FSg) for individual items in the SMILE-FFQ and child's age and sex. The outcome variable was total FSI per person. To internally validate the SMILE-FSS items, the estimated FSg was converted to percent energy from free sugars (%EFS) for comparison to the WHO free sugars guideline categories (<5%, 5-<10%, ≥10%EFS) using cross-classification analysis. SETTING: Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 858 and 652 2- and 5-year-old children, respectively, with complete dietary (<5% missing) and sociodemographic data. RESULTS: 22- and 26-items were important in predicting FSI at 2 and 5 years, respectively. Items were similar between ages with more discretionary beverage items (e.g., sugar-sweetened beverages) at 5 years. %EFS was overestimated by 4.4% and 2.6%. Most children (75% and 82%) were categorised into the same WHO free sugars category with most (87% and 95%) correctly identified as having <10%EFS in line with the WHO recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The SMILE-FSS has good internal validity and can be used in research and practice to estimate young Australian children's free sugars intake and compare to the WHO free sugars guidelines to identify those 'at risk'. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:40:27Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | curtin-20.500.11937-93686 |
| institution | Curtin University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | eng |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:40:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | curtin-20.500.11937-936862023-11-20T06:02:24Z Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. Bell, Lucinda K Leemaqz, Shalem Devenish-Coleman, Gemma Do, Loc G Ha, Diep Scott, Jane Golley, Rebecca K Early childhood dental screener dietary assessment food frequency questionnaire free sugars oral health pre-school short screener OBJECTIVE: To develop and internally validate a Free Sugars Screener (FSS) for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. DESIGN: Using data collected from a 99-item (2-year-olds) and 98-item (5-year-olds) Food Frequency Questionnaire in the Study of Mother's and Infant's Life Events affecting oral health (SMILE-FFQ), a regression-based prediction modelling approach was employed to identify a subset of items that accurately estimate total free sugars intake (FSI). The predictors were grams of free sugars (FSg) for individual items in the SMILE-FFQ and child's age and sex. The outcome variable was total FSI per person. To internally validate the SMILE-FSS items, the estimated FSg was converted to percent energy from free sugars (%EFS) for comparison to the WHO free sugars guideline categories (<5%, 5-<10%, ≥10%EFS) using cross-classification analysis. SETTING: Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 858 and 652 2- and 5-year-old children, respectively, with complete dietary (<5% missing) and sociodemographic data. RESULTS: 22- and 26-items were important in predicting FSI at 2 and 5 years, respectively. Items were similar between ages with more discretionary beverage items (e.g., sugar-sweetened beverages) at 5 years. %EFS was overestimated by 4.4% and 2.6%. Most children (75% and 82%) were categorised into the same WHO free sugars category with most (87% and 95%) correctly identified as having <10%EFS in line with the WHO recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The SMILE-FSS has good internal validity and can be used in research and practice to estimate young Australian children's free sugars intake and compare to the WHO free sugars guidelines to identify those 'at risk'. 2023 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/93686 10.1017/S1368980023002380 eng http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1046219 http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1144595 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ fulltext |
| spellingShingle | Early childhood dental screener dietary assessment food frequency questionnaire free sugars oral health pre-school short screener Bell, Lucinda K Leemaqz, Shalem Devenish-Coleman, Gemma Do, Loc G Ha, Diep Scott, Jane Golley, Rebecca K Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. |
| title | Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. |
| title_full | Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. |
| title_fullStr | Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. |
| title_short | Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS - A Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. |
| title_sort | development and internal validation of the smile-fss - a free sugars screener for australian children aged 2 and 5 years. |
| topic | Early childhood dental screener dietary assessment food frequency questionnaire free sugars oral health pre-school short screener |
| url | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1046219 http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1046219 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/93686 |