| Summary: | Three-dimensional (3D) printing plays an important role in cardiovascular disease through
the use of personalised models that replicate the normal anatomy and its pathology with high
accuracy and reliability. While 3D printed heart and vascular models have been shown to improve
medical education, preoperative planning and simulation of cardiac procedures, as well as to enhance
communication with patients, 3D bioprinting represents a potential advancement of 3D printing
technology by allowing the printing of cellular or biological components, functional tissues and organs
that can be used in a variety of applications in cardiovascular disease. Recent advances in bioprinting
technology have shown the ability to support vascularisation of large-scale constructs with enhanced
biocompatibility and structural stability, thus creating opportunities to replace damaged tissues or
organs. In this review, we provide an overview of the use of 3D bioprinting in cardiovascular disease
with a focus on technologies and applications in cardiac tissues, vascular constructs and grafts, heart
valves and myocardium. Limitations and future research directions are highlighted.
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