Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs
Since Watson and Rayner's (1920) initial demonstration that human fear can be learned by means of Pavlovian conditioning, neuroscientific and behavioral studies have provided a thorough understanding of fear acquisition. Less is known about the manner in which we can harness insights from Pavlo...
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
2020
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| Online Access: | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1156490 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/79155 |
| _version_ | 1848764011385978880 |
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| author | Lipp, Ottmar Waters, A.M. Luck, Camilla Ryan, K.M. Craske, M.G. |
| author_facet | Lipp, Ottmar Waters, A.M. Luck, Camilla Ryan, K.M. Craske, M.G. |
| author_sort | Lipp, Ottmar |
| building | Curtin Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Since Watson and Rayner's (1920) initial demonstration that human fear can be learned by means of Pavlovian conditioning, neuroscientific and behavioral studies have provided a thorough understanding of fear acquisition. Less is known about the manner in which we can harness insights from Pavlovian conditioning research to reduce fears and, most importantly, make the reduction of fear lasting and resistant against relapse. The current paper reviews three manipulations that have shown promise in achieving a reduction of conditional fear that is more resistant to relapse than is the reduction of conditional fear after standard extinction: novelty-facilitated extinction training, presentation of conditional-unconditional stimulus pairings or of unpaired unconditional stimuli during extinction, and extinction with additional stimuli that are similar to the original conditional stimuli. It summarizes past research involving human and non-human animal subjects and highlights knowledge gaps in the current literature. Moreover, it discusses potential mechanisms that mediate the reduction of fear seen as a result of these manipulations in an attempt to enhance our understanding of what renders fear extinction less vulnerable to the known pathways to fear relapse. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the achievement of the goal that was denied to Watson and Rayner, the development of experimental techniques that can be utilized to remove conditioned emotional responses permanently. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:12:34Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | curtin-20.500.11937-79155 |
| institution | Curtin University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:12:34Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | curtin-20.500.11937-791552021-12-10T00:45:43Z Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs Lipp, Ottmar Waters, A.M. Luck, Camilla Ryan, K.M. Craske, M.G. Social Sciences Psychology, Clinical Psychology Fear conditioning Extinction Novelty-facilitated extinction Gradual extinction Generalization of extinction OCCASIONAL REINFORCED TRIALS FACILITATED EXTINCTION MULTIPLE CONTEXTS CONDITIONED FEAR STIMULUS RETURN EXPOSURE RECONSOLIDATION REACQUISITION RESPONSES Since Watson and Rayner's (1920) initial demonstration that human fear can be learned by means of Pavlovian conditioning, neuroscientific and behavioral studies have provided a thorough understanding of fear acquisition. Less is known about the manner in which we can harness insights from Pavlovian conditioning research to reduce fears and, most importantly, make the reduction of fear lasting and resistant against relapse. The current paper reviews three manipulations that have shown promise in achieving a reduction of conditional fear that is more resistant to relapse than is the reduction of conditional fear after standard extinction: novelty-facilitated extinction training, presentation of conditional-unconditional stimulus pairings or of unpaired unconditional stimuli during extinction, and extinction with additional stimuli that are similar to the original conditional stimuli. It summarizes past research involving human and non-human animal subjects and highlights knowledge gaps in the current literature. Moreover, it discusses potential mechanisms that mediate the reduction of fear seen as a result of these manipulations in an attempt to enhance our understanding of what renders fear extinction less vulnerable to the known pathways to fear relapse. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the achievement of the goal that was denied to Watson and Rayner, the development of experimental techniques that can be utilized to remove conditioned emotional responses permanently. 2020 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/79155 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103529 English http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1156490 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD fulltext |
| spellingShingle | Social Sciences Psychology, Clinical Psychology Fear conditioning Extinction Novelty-facilitated extinction Gradual extinction Generalization of extinction OCCASIONAL REINFORCED TRIALS FACILITATED EXTINCTION MULTIPLE CONTEXTS CONDITIONED FEAR STIMULUS RETURN EXPOSURE RECONSOLIDATION REACQUISITION RESPONSES Lipp, Ottmar Waters, A.M. Luck, Camilla Ryan, K.M. Craske, M.G. Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs |
| title | Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs |
| title_full | Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs |
| title_fullStr | Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs |
| title_short | Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs |
| title_sort | novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: the roles of novelty, additional uss, and additional gss |
| topic | Social Sciences Psychology, Clinical Psychology Fear conditioning Extinction Novelty-facilitated extinction Gradual extinction Generalization of extinction OCCASIONAL REINFORCED TRIALS FACILITATED EXTINCTION MULTIPLE CONTEXTS CONDITIONED FEAR STIMULUS RETURN EXPOSURE RECONSOLIDATION REACQUISITION RESPONSES |
| url | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1156490 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/79155 |