Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions
Acid stimulation supports the oil and gas industry as a versatile mean in enhanced oil recovery to fulfill the world energy demand. Although hydrochloric acid can significantly improve the reservoir permeability, its rapid reaction rate at high temperature has created a barrier for acid penetration....
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Conference Paper |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2019
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/495/1/012113/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75806 |
| _version_ | 1848763555327770624 |
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| author | Ben Mahmud, Hisham Norlee, Adeline Tan, Inn Shi Foo Chee Yew, Henry Shafiq, Mian Umer |
| author_facet | Ben Mahmud, Hisham Norlee, Adeline Tan, Inn Shi Foo Chee Yew, Henry Shafiq, Mian Umer |
| author_sort | Ben Mahmud, Hisham |
| building | Curtin Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Acid stimulation supports the oil and gas industry as a versatile mean in enhanced oil recovery to fulfill the world energy demand. Although hydrochloric acid can significantly improve the reservoir permeability, its rapid reaction rate at high temperature has created a barrier for acid penetration. Subsequently, emulsified acid has slowly gain its popularity due to its retardation effect which allows deeper penetration of acid into the formation and achieves minimal corrosion issues. Nonetheless, emulsified acid has rarely applied on sandstone formation. Since a large portion of reservoirs are made up of sandstone, the effects of emulsified acid on sandstone under high temperature conditions should be studied to unlock the effective usage of emulsified acid in restoring the hydrocarbon recovery from the potential sandstone reservoirs. Besides, it is also crucial to explore cheaper and greener substitute to formulate
innovative emulsified acid in minimizing the high acidizing budget along with environmental concerns. In this project, 10 different emulsified acid combinations are prepared using hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, cationic surfactant, diesel and waste oil. The pre-flush treatment (5 % CH3COOH: 10 % HCl) is followed by the main flush (emulsified acids) saturation for 3 days. The thermal stability of emulsified acids and their effect on the Berea sandstone properties are evaluated. Major outcome is that the emulsified acids have the capability to remain stable at 275 °F up to 6 hours with uniform and fine droplet size. It is also proven that most of the emulsified acids can improve the porosity and permeability of Berea sandstone core samples except for HF: H3PO4. Regardless of the types of oil used for emulsified acid formulation, HF: HCl acid combination shows the best performance enhancement for both diesel-based and waste oil-based emulsified acids. In sandstone acidizing, emulsified acid dissolves the minerals and create acid transport pathway with close connectivity between pore spaces, causing the formation of large and conductive channels within the rock. Hence, these positive results clearly reflect on the feasibility of emulsified acid application in sandstone matrix acidizing and the effectiveness of waste oil as a replacement fluid for diesel. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:05:19Z |
| format | Conference Paper |
| id | curtin-20.500.11937-75806 |
| institution | Curtin University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T11:05:19Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | curtin-20.500.11937-758062019-06-24T01:15:05Z Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions Ben Mahmud, Hisham Norlee, Adeline Tan, Inn Shi Foo Chee Yew, Henry Shafiq, Mian Umer Emulsified Acid, Sandstone, High Temperature Acid stimulation supports the oil and gas industry as a versatile mean in enhanced oil recovery to fulfill the world energy demand. Although hydrochloric acid can significantly improve the reservoir permeability, its rapid reaction rate at high temperature has created a barrier for acid penetration. Subsequently, emulsified acid has slowly gain its popularity due to its retardation effect which allows deeper penetration of acid into the formation and achieves minimal corrosion issues. Nonetheless, emulsified acid has rarely applied on sandstone formation. Since a large portion of reservoirs are made up of sandstone, the effects of emulsified acid on sandstone under high temperature conditions should be studied to unlock the effective usage of emulsified acid in restoring the hydrocarbon recovery from the potential sandstone reservoirs. Besides, it is also crucial to explore cheaper and greener substitute to formulate innovative emulsified acid in minimizing the high acidizing budget along with environmental concerns. In this project, 10 different emulsified acid combinations are prepared using hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, cationic surfactant, diesel and waste oil. The pre-flush treatment (5 % CH3COOH: 10 % HCl) is followed by the main flush (emulsified acids) saturation for 3 days. The thermal stability of emulsified acids and their effect on the Berea sandstone properties are evaluated. Major outcome is that the emulsified acids have the capability to remain stable at 275 °F up to 6 hours with uniform and fine droplet size. It is also proven that most of the emulsified acids can improve the porosity and permeability of Berea sandstone core samples except for HF: H3PO4. Regardless of the types of oil used for emulsified acid formulation, HF: HCl acid combination shows the best performance enhancement for both diesel-based and waste oil-based emulsified acids. In sandstone acidizing, emulsified acid dissolves the minerals and create acid transport pathway with close connectivity between pore spaces, causing the formation of large and conductive channels within the rock. Hence, these positive results clearly reflect on the feasibility of emulsified acid application in sandstone matrix acidizing and the effectiveness of waste oil as a replacement fluid for diesel. 2019 Conference Paper http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75806 English https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/495/1/012113/pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ IOP Publishing fulltext |
| spellingShingle | Emulsified Acid, Sandstone, High Temperature Ben Mahmud, Hisham Norlee, Adeline Tan, Inn Shi Foo Chee Yew, Henry Shafiq, Mian Umer Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions |
| title | Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions |
| title_full | Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions |
| title_short | Investigating the Effectiveness of Emulsified Acid on Sandstone Formation under High Temperature Conditions |
| title_sort | investigating the effectiveness of emulsified acid on sandstone formation under high temperature conditions |
| topic | Emulsified Acid, Sandstone, High Temperature |
| url | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/495/1/012113/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75806 |