Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed
© 2015 American Society for Nutrition. Background: Food fortification could be an effective method of increasing vitamin D intakes and preventing deficiency with minimal risk of excessive dosing. Objective: Secular trends in vitamin D intakes were examined over a 10-y period. Methods: We compared vi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
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American Society for Nutrition
2015
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54550 |
| _version_ | 1848759399627096064 |
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| author | Black, Lucinda Walton, J. Flynn, A. Cashman, K. Kiely, M. |
| author_facet | Black, Lucinda Walton, J. Flynn, A. Cashman, K. Kiely, M. |
| author_sort | Black, Lucinda |
| building | Curtin Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | © 2015 American Society for Nutrition. Background: Food fortification could be an effective method of increasing vitamin D intakes and preventing deficiency with minimal risk of excessive dosing. Objective: Secular trends in vitamin D intakes were examined over a 10-y period. Methods: We compared vitamin D intakes among 18- to 64-y-old adults from the base diet, fortified foods, and supplements in 2 nationally representative dietary surveys in 1999 and 2009 implemented using the same methodology. Results: There was a slight increase in the median (IQR) intake of vitamin D from 2.9 (3.2) to 3.5 (3.7) µg/d ( mean ± SD, 4.3±4.0 to 5.0±6.4 µg). The median (IQR) intake from the base diet was 2.3 (1.6) µg/d in 1999 and 2.1 (1.8) µg/d in 2009. In vitamin D supplement users, median (IQR) intakes were 7.6 (6.7) and 8.7 (7.2) µg/d and the prevalence of inadequacy decreased from 67% to 57% in 2009. Although the consumption of vitamin D-containing supplements was similar in the 2 surveys (17% and 16%), the use of calcium-vitamin D supplements increased from 3% to 10% among women aged 50-64 y. The prevalence of fortified food consumption was also similar at 60%, and median (IQR) vitamin D intakes in consumers were 2.9 (2.2) and 3.7 (2.9) µg/d in 1999 and 2009, respectively. Mathematical modeling of food fortification using modified vitamin D composition data showed that there is potential to increase vitamin D intakes at the lower end of the distribution, without increasing the risk of exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Conclusions: We report small increases in vitamin D intakes among Irish adults over a decade of focus on vitamin D and in the context of a voluntary fortification policy. Strategic management of vitamin D in the food supply is required to yield measurable benefits. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T09:59:16Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | curtin-20.500.11937-54550 |
| institution | Curtin University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T09:59:16Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | American Society for Nutrition |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | curtin-20.500.11937-545502017-09-13T15:50:07Z Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed Black, Lucinda Walton, J. Flynn, A. Cashman, K. Kiely, M. © 2015 American Society for Nutrition. Background: Food fortification could be an effective method of increasing vitamin D intakes and preventing deficiency with minimal risk of excessive dosing. Objective: Secular trends in vitamin D intakes were examined over a 10-y period. Methods: We compared vitamin D intakes among 18- to 64-y-old adults from the base diet, fortified foods, and supplements in 2 nationally representative dietary surveys in 1999 and 2009 implemented using the same methodology. Results: There was a slight increase in the median (IQR) intake of vitamin D from 2.9 (3.2) to 3.5 (3.7) µg/d ( mean ± SD, 4.3±4.0 to 5.0±6.4 µg). The median (IQR) intake from the base diet was 2.3 (1.6) µg/d in 1999 and 2.1 (1.8) µg/d in 2009. In vitamin D supplement users, median (IQR) intakes were 7.6 (6.7) and 8.7 (7.2) µg/d and the prevalence of inadequacy decreased from 67% to 57% in 2009. Although the consumption of vitamin D-containing supplements was similar in the 2 surveys (17% and 16%), the use of calcium-vitamin D supplements increased from 3% to 10% among women aged 50-64 y. The prevalence of fortified food consumption was also similar at 60%, and median (IQR) vitamin D intakes in consumers were 2.9 (2.2) and 3.7 (2.9) µg/d in 1999 and 2009, respectively. Mathematical modeling of food fortification using modified vitamin D composition data showed that there is potential to increase vitamin D intakes at the lower end of the distribution, without increasing the risk of exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Conclusions: We report small increases in vitamin D intakes among Irish adults over a decade of focus on vitamin D and in the context of a voluntary fortification policy. Strategic management of vitamin D in the food supply is required to yield measurable benefits. 2015 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54550 10.3945/jn.114.209106 American Society for Nutrition unknown |
| spellingShingle | Black, Lucinda Walton, J. Flynn, A. Cashman, K. Kiely, M. Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed |
| title | Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed |
| title_full | Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed |
| title_fullStr | Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed |
| title_full_unstemmed | Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed |
| title_short | Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed |
| title_sort | small increments in vitamin d intake by irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54550 |