Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments
This study describes a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the analysis of cytostatic cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their selected metabolites/transformation products (TPs): carboxy-cyclophosphamide (carboxy-CP), keto-cyclophosphamide (keto-CP) and 3-dechloroethyl...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Published: |
2016
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/37427 |
| _version_ | 1848755044286988288 |
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| author | Česen, M. Kosjek, T. Busetti, Francesco Kompare, B. Heath, E. |
| author_facet | Česen, M. Kosjek, T. Busetti, Francesco Kompare, B. Heath, E. |
| author_sort | Česen, M. |
| building | Curtin Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This study describes a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the analysis of cytostatic cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their selected metabolites/transformation products (TPs): carboxy-cyclophosphamide (carboxy-CP), keto-cyclophosphamide (keto-CP) and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide/N-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (N-decl-CP) in wastewater (WW). Keto-cyclophosphamide, CP and IF were extracted with Oasis HLB and N-decl-CP and carboxy-CP with Isolute ENV+ cartridges. Analyte derivatization was performed by silylation (metabolites/TPs) and acetylation (CP and IF). The recoveries and LOQs of the developed method were 58, 87 and 103 % and 77.7, 43.7 and 6.7 ng L−1 for carboxy-CP, keto-CP and N-decl-CP, respectively. After validation, the analytical method was applied to hospital WW and influent and effluent samples of a receiving WW treatment plant. In hospital WW, levels up to 2690, 47.0, 13,200, 2100 and 178 ng L−1 were detected for CP, IF, carboxy-CP, N-decl-CP and keto-CP, respectively, while in influent and effluent samples concentrations were below LOQs. The formation of TPs during abiotic treatments was also studied. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify CP and IF TPs in ultrapure water, treated with UV and UV/H2O2. UV treatment produced four CP TPs and four IF TPs, while UV/H2O2 resulted in five CPs and four IF TPs. Besides already known TPs, three novel TPs (CP-TP138a, imino-ifosfamide and IF-TP138) have been tentatively identified. In hospital WW treated by UV/O3/H2O2, none of the target metabolites/TPs resulted above LOQs. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T08:50:02Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | curtin-20.500.11937-37427 |
| institution | Curtin University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T08:50:02Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | curtin-20.500.11937-374272017-09-13T13:38:14Z Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments Česen, M. Kosjek, T. Busetti, Francesco Kompare, B. Heath, E. This study describes a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the analysis of cytostatic cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their selected metabolites/transformation products (TPs): carboxy-cyclophosphamide (carboxy-CP), keto-cyclophosphamide (keto-CP) and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide/N-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (N-decl-CP) in wastewater (WW). Keto-cyclophosphamide, CP and IF were extracted with Oasis HLB and N-decl-CP and carboxy-CP with Isolute ENV+ cartridges. Analyte derivatization was performed by silylation (metabolites/TPs) and acetylation (CP and IF). The recoveries and LOQs of the developed method were 58, 87 and 103 % and 77.7, 43.7 and 6.7 ng L−1 for carboxy-CP, keto-CP and N-decl-CP, respectively. After validation, the analytical method was applied to hospital WW and influent and effluent samples of a receiving WW treatment plant. In hospital WW, levels up to 2690, 47.0, 13,200, 2100 and 178 ng L−1 were detected for CP, IF, carboxy-CP, N-decl-CP and keto-CP, respectively, while in influent and effluent samples concentrations were below LOQs. The formation of TPs during abiotic treatments was also studied. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify CP and IF TPs in ultrapure water, treated with UV and UV/H2O2. UV treatment produced four CP TPs and four IF TPs, while UV/H2O2 resulted in five CPs and four IF TPs. Besides already known TPs, three novel TPs (CP-TP138a, imino-ifosfamide and IF-TP138) have been tentatively identified. In hospital WW treated by UV/O3/H2O2, none of the target metabolites/TPs resulted above LOQs. 2016 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/37427 10.1007/s11356-016-6321-1 restricted |
| spellingShingle | Česen, M. Kosjek, T. Busetti, Francesco Kompare, B. Heath, E. Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments |
| title | Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments |
| title_full | Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments |
| title_fullStr | Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments |
| title_short | Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments |
| title_sort | human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/37427 |