Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube

Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheri...

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Main Authors:	Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Adams, J., Aguilar, J., Ahlers, M., Andeen, K., Auffenberg, J., Bai, X., Baker, M., Barwick, S., Bay, R., Bazo Alba, J., Beattie, K., Beatty, J., Bechet, S., Becker, J., Becker, K., Benabderrahmane, M., Berdermann, J., Berghaus, P., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Bertrand, D., Besson, D., Bissok, M., Blaufuss, E., Boersma, D., Bohm, C., Botner, O., Bradley, L., Braun, J., Buitink, S., Carson, Michael, Chirkin, D., Christy, B., Clem, J., Cohen, S., Colnard, C., Cowen, D., D'Agostino, M., Danninger, M., De Clercq, C., Demirörs, L., Depaepe, O., Descamps, F., Desiati, P., De Vries-Uiterweerd, G., DeYoung, T., Díaz-Vélez, J., Dreyer, J., Dumm, J., Duvoort, M., Ehrlich, R., Eisch, J., Ellsworth, R., Engdegård, O., Euler, S., Evenson, P., Fadiran, O., Fazely, A., Feusels, T., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Foerster, M., Fox, B., Franckowiak, A., Franke, R., Gaisser, T., Gallagher, J., Ganugapati, R., Geisler, M., Gerhardt, L., Gladstone, L., Goldschmidt, A., Goodman, J., Grant, D., Griesel, T., Groß, A., Grullon, S., Gunasingha, R., Gurtner, M., Ha, C., Hallgren, A., Halzen, F., Han, K., Hanson, K., Hasegawa, Y., Haugen, J., Helbing, K., Herquet, P., Hickford, S., Hill, G., Hoffman, K., Homeier, A.
Format:	Journal Article
Published:	Elsevier 2010
Online Access:	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28575

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author	Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A.
author_facet	Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A.
author_sort	Abbasi, R.
building	Curtin Institutional Repository
collection	Online Access
description	Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
first_indexed	2025-11-14T08:10:47Z
format	Journal Article
id	curtin-20.500.11937-28575
institution	Curtin University Malaysia
institution_category	Local University
last_indexed	2025-11-14T08:10:47Z
publishDate	2010
publisher	Elsevier
recordtype	eprints
repository_type	Digital Repository
spelling	curtin-20.500.11937-285752018-03-29T09:09:14Z Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A. Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. 2010 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28575 10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102 Elsevier restricted
spellingShingle	Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A. Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_full	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_fullStr	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_full_unstemmed	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_short	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_sort	calibration and characterization of the icecube photomultiplier tube
url	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28575

Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube

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