Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans
Background: Cocoa drinks containing flavan-3-ols are associated with many health benefits, and conflicting evidence exists as to whether milk adversely affects the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols. Objective: The objective was to determine the effect of milk on the bioavailability of cocoa flavan-3-o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Published: |
American Society for Nutrition
2009
|
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/18430 |
| _version_ | 1848749742966702080 |
|---|---|
| author | Mullen, W. Borges, G. Donovan, J. Edwards, Christine Serafini, M. Lean, M. Crozier, A. |
| author_facet | Mullen, W. Borges, G. Donovan, J. Edwards, Christine Serafini, M. Lean, M. Crozier, A. |
| author_sort | Mullen, W. |
| building | Curtin Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Cocoa drinks containing flavan-3-ols are associated with many health benefits, and conflicting evidence exists as to whether milk adversely affects the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols. Objective: The objective was to determine the effect of milk on the bioavailability of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites. Design: Nine human volunteers followed a low-flavonoid diet for 2 d before drinking 250 mL of a cocoa beverage, made with water or milk, that contained 45 µmol (-)-epicatechin and (-)-catechin. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 h, and flavan-3-ol metabolites were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. Results: Milk affected neither gastric emptying nor the transit time through the small intestine. Two flavan-3-ol metabolites were detected in plasma and 4 in urine. Milk had only minor effects on the plasma pharmacokinetics of an (epi)catechin-O-sulfate and had no effect on an O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate. However, milk significantly lowered the excretion of 4 urinary flavan-3-ol metabolites from 18.3% to 10.5% of the ingested dose (P = 0.016). Studies that showed protective effects of cocoa and those that showed no effect of milk on bioavailability used products that have a much higher flavan-3-ol content than does the commercial cocoa used in the present study. Conclusions: Most studies of the protective effects of cocoa have used drinks with a very high flavan-3-ol content. Whether similar protective effects are associated with the consumption of many commercial chocolate and cocoa products containing substantially lower amounts of flavan-3-ols, especially when absorption at lower doses is obstructed by milk, remains to be determined. © 2009 American Society for Nutrition. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T07:25:47Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | curtin-20.500.11937-18430 |
| institution | Curtin University Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T07:25:47Z |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publisher | American Society for Nutrition |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | curtin-20.500.11937-184302017-09-13T13:43:52Z Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans Mullen, W. Borges, G. Donovan, J. Edwards, Christine Serafini, M. Lean, M. Crozier, A. Background: Cocoa drinks containing flavan-3-ols are associated with many health benefits, and conflicting evidence exists as to whether milk adversely affects the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols. Objective: The objective was to determine the effect of milk on the bioavailability of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites. Design: Nine human volunteers followed a low-flavonoid diet for 2 d before drinking 250 mL of a cocoa beverage, made with water or milk, that contained 45 µmol (-)-epicatechin and (-)-catechin. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 h, and flavan-3-ol metabolites were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. Results: Milk affected neither gastric emptying nor the transit time through the small intestine. Two flavan-3-ol metabolites were detected in plasma and 4 in urine. Milk had only minor effects on the plasma pharmacokinetics of an (epi)catechin-O-sulfate and had no effect on an O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate. However, milk significantly lowered the excretion of 4 urinary flavan-3-ol metabolites from 18.3% to 10.5% of the ingested dose (P = 0.016). Studies that showed protective effects of cocoa and those that showed no effect of milk on bioavailability used products that have a much higher flavan-3-ol content than does the commercial cocoa used in the present study. Conclusions: Most studies of the protective effects of cocoa have used drinks with a very high flavan-3-ol content. Whether similar protective effects are associated with the consumption of many commercial chocolate and cocoa products containing substantially lower amounts of flavan-3-ols, especially when absorption at lower doses is obstructed by milk, remains to be determined. © 2009 American Society for Nutrition. 2009 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/18430 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27339 American Society for Nutrition unknown |
| spellingShingle | Mullen, W. Borges, G. Donovan, J. Edwards, Christine Serafini, M. Lean, M. Crozier, A. Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans |
| title | Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans |
| title_full | Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans |
| title_fullStr | Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans |
| title_short | Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans |
| title_sort | milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/18430 |