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1. Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results July 2011. http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/PHC2011Preliminary%20Result.pdf [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 2. Chandra SR, Kumar BB, Saydur RM, Rahul MAZM, Anwarul BM. A study on drug use pattern through prescription and self-medication among Bangladeshi patients presenting to hospital, health complex and drug sellers in urban and rural areas of Sylhet district. International Journal of Pharmacology and therapeutics 2012; 2: 11-20. 3. Amin Z, MerryLees N, Hanif A, Talukder MH. Medical Education in Bangladesh. Med Teach 2008; 30(3): 243-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/01421590801947010 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 4. Shamsuzzoha M. Early days of Pharmacology education in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2006; 1: 1-4. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ bjp.v1i1.479 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 01] 5. Salam A, Rabeya Y. Residential Field Site Training: Bangladesh Approach to Community- Based Education to Develop Generic skills in Tomorrows Doctors. Middle East Journal of Nursing 2010; 3: 22-6. 6. Centre for Medical Education (CME). Curriculum for Under-graduate Medical Education in Bangladesh. CME 2002. Dhaka, Bangladesh. 7. Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council. Curriculum for Undergraduate Medical Education in Bangladesh– Updated 2012. Dhaka 1000. Bangladesh. 1-393. www.bmdc.org.bd 8. Heaton A, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Undergraduate preparation for prescribing: the views of 2413 UK medical students and recent graduates. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66(1): 128–34. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03197.x [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 9. Maxwell S, Walley T, Ferner RE. Using drugs safely. BMJ 2002; 324: 930–1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7343.930 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 10. Rawlins MD. Making tomorrows doctors better prescribers. Br J Clin Pharmacol2003;55(6):495.http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.0 1889.x [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 11. Aronson JK, Henderson G, Webb DJ, Rawlins MD. A prescription for better prescribing. BMJ 2006; 333: 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmj.38946.491829.BE [Accessed on 2013 Jan 03] 12. Mohamad NY, Ruzanna Z, Nabishah M, Mohd Nasri AB, Mohammad Arif K. Evaluation of case write-up: Assessment of prescription writing skills of fifth year medical students at UKM Medical Centre. Procedia- Social and Behavioural Sciences 2012; 60: 249-53. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.375 [Accessed on 2013 Feb 10] 13. Likic R, Maxwell SR. Prevention of medication errors: teaching and training. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 67(6): 656-61. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03423.x [Accessed on 2013 Feb 10] 14. Patricio KP, Alves NA, Arenales NG, Queluz TT. Teaching the Rational Use of Medicines to medical students: a qualitative research. BMC Med Educ 2012; 12: 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-12-56 15. Grahame-Smith DG, Aronson JK. Principles of prescribing and how to write prescriptions, Oxford textbook of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy, 3rded New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 173-88 16. Reid JL, Rubin PC, Whiting B. Drug prescription: Legal and practical aspects. In: Reid JL, Rubin PC, Whiting B, editors. Lecture notes on clinical pharmacology. 5th ed. London: Blackwell Science Ltd; 1998. 17. Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003. Available at: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0048/latest/DLM203312.html [Accessed on 2013 Jan 11]. 18. Ives G, Hodge K, Bullock S, Marriott J. First year RNs' actual and self-rated pharmacology knowledge. Aust J Adv Nurs 1996; 14(1): 13-9. PMID: 9128465 19. Grandell-Niemi H, Hupli M, Leino-Kilpi H, Puukka P. Finnish nurses and nursing students' pharmacological skills. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005; 14(6): 685-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01131 20. Manias E, Bullock S. The educational preparation of undergraduate nursing students in pharmacology: Clinical nurses perceptions and experiences of graduate nurses medication knowledge. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2002; 39(8): 773-84. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00008-1 21. Bangladesh Health Watch. Pharmaceutical promotion: Regulatory provisions,status of enforcement, awareness and compliance. In: Bangladesh health watch report. How healthy is health sector governance? Dhaka, Bangladesh: University press limited; 2010. p. 35-41 22. Wall D, Bolshaw A, Carolan J. From undergraduate medical education to pre-registration house officer year: how prepared are students? Med Teach2006;28(5):435–9.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142159060062 5171[Accessed on 2013 February 10] 23. Salam A, Yousuf R, Islam MZ, Yesmin F, Helali AM, Alattraqchi AG, Rao USM, Haque M. Professionalism of future medical professionals in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia.Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 124-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ bjp.v8i2.14158 [Accessed on 2013 April 1] 24. Salam A, Haque M, Islam MZ, Helali AM, Yousuf R, Yesmin F, Alattraqchi AG, Rao USM. Comparative study of professionalism of future medical professionals among three private medical colleges of Bangladesh. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. In Press 25. Salam A, Haque M, Rahman Z, Helali AM, Islam MZ, Nor Rahman NIA, Alattraqchi AG, Mohsena M, Yesmin F, Yousuf R. Comparative Study on Professionalism of Forthcoming Medical Doctors between two Private Medical Colleges in Savar, Bangladesh. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013; 5 (suppl 3): In Press. 26. World Health Organization (WHO). Media Centre. Promoting rational use of medicines saves lives and money, WHO experts say. Geneva 2004. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/notes/2004/np9/en/. [Accessed 2012 on November 3] 27. Preeth M, Shobana J. Study on Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics used in the management of various infectious diseases in Andrapradesh. Int Res J Pharm 2011; 2(7): 112-5. 28. Sarwar MS, Hossain MD. Fixed dose combination and disease management. Int Res J Pharm 2012, 3(11): 17-21. 29. Patil L, Khairnar A. Ninety percent drug utilization in patients of Upper respiratory tract infection. Int Res J Pharm. In Press 30. Sultana S, Khosru KH. Practice of using gifts as promotional materials for marketing of pharmaceutical products in Bangladesh: A survey conducted on general physicians and representatives from pharmaceutical companies. S J Pharm Sci 2011; 4(2): 13-8. http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/sjps.v4i2.10434 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 5] 31. Patel V, Vaidya R, Naik D, Borker P. Irrational drug use in India: a prescription survey from Goa. J Postgrad Med 2005; 51(1): 9-12. PMID: 15793331 32. Aronson JK. A prescription for better prescribing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61(5): 487-91.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02649.x [Accessed on 2013 Feb 10] 33. WHO Media Centre. Rational Use of medicine. 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/index.html [Accessed on 2012 November 03]. 34. Alanis AJ. Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era? Arch Med Res 2005;36(6):697-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed. 2005.06.009 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 35. Oshikoya KA, Bello JA, Ayorinde EO. Prescribing knowledge and skills of final year medical students in Nigeria. Indian J Pharmacol 2008; 40(6): 251-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.45150 36. Sultana S, Hamid K, Islam KMS, Roy S, Saha MR, Zulfiker H, Urmi KF. Assessment of Prescription Pattern of Hypertensive Patient's Prescription: A Prescription Survey Study from Various Hospitals of Bangladesh. Euro J Sci Res 2010; 40(4): 500-5. 37. Hasan SMR, Hossain MM, Akter R, Karim SMH, Haque S, Kamaluddin M, Ghani A. Pattern of Antibiotics use at the Primary Health Care Level of Bangladesh: Survey Report-1. S J Pharm Sci 2009; 2(1): 1-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v2i1.5809 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 38. Alkot M, Shaheen H, Hathout H. Prescribing Patterns and Errors in Family Practice; a Retrospective Study of Prescribing Records. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(11): 186-90. [Accessed on 2012 November 3] 39. Vijayakumar TM, Sathyavati D, Subhashini T, Grandhi S, Dhanaraju MD. Assessment of Prescribing Trends and Rationality of Drug Prescribing. International Journal of Pharmacology 2011; 7(1): 140-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.140.143 [Accessed on 2012 November 3] 40. Quick JD, Hogerzeil HV, Velasquez G, Rago L. Twenty-five years of essential medicines. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80(11): 913-4. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/18.1.1 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 41. Gwee MC. Teaching of medical pharmacology: the need to nurture the early development of desired attitudes for safe and rational drug prescribing. Med Teach 2009; 31(9): 847-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080 /01421590903168119 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 42. Oshikoya KA, Senbanjo IO and Amole OO. Interns knowledge of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics after undergraduate and on-going internship training in Nigeria: a pilot study. BMC Medical Education 2009; 9(1): 50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-9-50. Available from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/9/50 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 43. Rothwell C, Burford B, Morrison J, Morrow G, Allen M, Davies C, Baldauf B, Spencer J, Johnson N, Peile E and Illing J. Junior doctors prescribing: enhancing their learning in practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 73(2):194–202.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04061. Available from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/9/50 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 44. Upadhyaya P, Seth V, Moghe VV, Sharma M, Ahmed M. Knowledge of adverse drug reaction reporting in first year postgraduate doctors in a medical college. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2012a; 8: 307–12. http://dx.doi. org/10.2147/TCRM.S31482 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 45. Upadhyaya P, Seth V, Sharma M, Ahmed M, Moghe VV, Khan ZY, et al. Prescribing knowledge in the light of undergraduate clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teaching in India: views of first-year postgraduate students. Adv Med Educ Pract 2012b; 3: 47–53. http://dx. doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S31726 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 46. Shankar PR, Jha N, Bajracharya O, Gurung SB, Singh KK. Feedback on and knowledge, attitude and skills at the end of pharmacology practical sessions. J Educ Eval health Prof 2011; 8: 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352 /jeehp.2011.8.12 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 47. Maxwell S, Walley T. Teaching safe and effective prescribing in UK medical schools: a core curriculum for tomorrow’s doctors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55(6): 496-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01878.x [Accessed on 2013 Jan 7] 48. Naritoku DK, Faingold CL. Development of a therapeutics curriculum to enhance knowledge of fourth-year medical students about clinical uses and adverse effects of drugs. Teach Learn Med 2009; 21(2): 148-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10401330902791313 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9] 49. Swick HM, Szenas P, Danoff D, Whitcomb ME. Teaching professionalism in undergraduate medical education. JAMA 1999; 282(9): 830-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.830 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9] 50. De Vries TPGM, Henning RH, Hogerzeil HV, Bapna JS, Bero L, Kafle KK, et al. Impact of a short course in pharmacotherapy for undergraduate medical students: an international randomised controlled study. The Lancet 1995; 346(8988): 1454-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(95)92472-8 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9] 51. Salam A, Song CO, Mazlan NF Hassin H, Lee LS, Abdullah MH. Professionalism of Future Medical Professionals in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre. International Medical Journal 2012a; 19(3): 224-8. 52. lnui TS. A flag in the wind: educating for professionalism in medicine. Association of American medical colleges 2003, Washington DC. 53. Project Professionalism. Professionalism in medicine: issues and opportunities in the educational environment. American Board of internal Medicine 1995, Philadelphia PA. 54. Reynolds PP. Reaffirming professionalism through the education community. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120(7): 609-14. http://dx.doi .org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-7-199404010-00013 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9] 55. Salam A, Song CO, Mazlan NF, Hassin H., Lee LS, Abdullah MH. A pilot study on professionalism of future medical professionals in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences 2012b; 60: 534-40. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.419 56. Bryan RE, Krych AJ, Carmichael SW, Viggiano TR, Pawlina W. Assessing professionalism in early medical education: experience with peer evaluation and self-evaluation in the gross anatomy course. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2005; 34(8): 486-91. PMID: 16205826 57. Patenaude J, Niyonsenga T, Fafard D. Changes in students' moral development during medical school: a cohort study. CMAJ 2003; 168(7): 840-44.PMCID: PMC151989 PMid:12668541 58. ABIM Foundation. American Board of Internal Medicine; ACP-ASIM Foundation. American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine; European Federation of Internal Medicine. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136(3): 243-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00012 PMid:11827500 59. Frader J, Arnold R, Coulehan J, Pinkus RL, Meisel A, Schaffner K. Evolution of clinical ethics teaching at the University of Pittsburgh. Acad Med 1989; 64(12): 747-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198912000-00012 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9] 60. Patel Pinal D, Patel RK, Petel NJ. Analysis of prescription pattern and drug utilization in Asthma Therapy. Int Res J Pharm 2012; 3(7): 257-60. Available from http://irjponline.com [Accessed on 2013 Jan 14] 61. Salam A, Rabeya Y, Harlina HS, Nabishah M. Professionalism in medical education; A review. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 2010b; 20: 250-1. 62. Brown D, Ferrill MJ. The taxonomy of professionalism: reframing the academic pursuit of professional development. Am J Pharm Educ 2009; 73(4): 68. PMCID: PMC2720364, http://dx.doi.org/10.5688 /aj730468 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9] 63. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Steinert Y. Teaching medical professionalism. Print Publication Press; 2008. 64. Goldie J, Dowie A, Cotton P, Morrison J. Teaching professionalism in the early years of a medical curriculum: a qualitative study. Med Educ 2007; 41: 610-7. PMID: 17518842, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111 /j.1365-2923.2007.02772.x [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9] 65. Côté L, Leclère H. How clinical teachers perceive the doctor-patient relationship and themselves as role models. Acad Med 2000; 75(11): 1117-24. PMID: 11078674, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200011000-00020 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 9]
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8289 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=8289 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 Restricted Document Article Journal application/pdf 1.4 4 Simpo PDF Creator Lite 3.1.1.0 2013-08-10 19:54:42 Simpo PDF Creator Lite 3.1.1.0 4297-01-FH02-FPSK-14-00704.pdf UniSZA Private Access Addressing Rational Prescribers through the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Course Work of MBBS Syllabus in Bangladesh International Research Journal of Pharmacy Pharmacology is most rapidly expanding science in medical discipline which leads to the development of many important drugs to treat many medical conditions that was previously untreatable. This paper focuses on the necessity of integration of pharmacology in the medical curriculum in all clinical phases and ethical aspects of medicine in terms of irrational prescribing. Irrational prescribing of drugs is a major global health problem in medical practice. Currently Pharmacology is taught at phase-II, a 2 year period in a 5 years undergraduate medical Programme in Bangladesh under the name ‘Pharmacology and Therapeutics’. Indiscriminate use of clinically inappropriate and ineffective medicines are a serious problem. Medicines in Bangladesh are inappropriately prescribed, again all kinds of drugs including controlled products are dispensed and sold out frequently without prescription. Henceforth there are regular violation of medical ethics and professionalism. As only pharmacology and therapeutics deals with the correct selection of drugs, the subject should be continued to teach up to phase-III. In addition, therapeutic discussion should be incorporated with proper logbook during internship in order to make safe and efficient prescribers. Supreme priority should be given to legal and ethical aspects of medicine. Medical professionals must uphold social order by ensuring ethical practices of medicine and appropriate role modelling especially by the faculty. 60-63 1. Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results July 2011. http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/PHC2011Preliminary%20Result.pdf [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 2. Chandra SR, Kumar BB, Saydur RM, Rahul MAZM, Anwarul BM. A study on drug use pattern through prescription and self-medication among Bangladeshi patients presenting to hospital, health complex and drug sellers in urban and rural areas of Sylhet district. International Journal of Pharmacology and therapeutics 2012; 2: 11-20. 3. Amin Z, MerryLees N, Hanif A, Talukder MH. Medical Education in Bangladesh. Med Teach 2008; 30(3): 243-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/01421590801947010 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 4. Shamsuzzoha M. Early days of Pharmacology education in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2006; 1: 1-4. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ bjp.v1i1.479 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 01] 5. Salam A, Rabeya Y. Residential Field Site Training: Bangladesh Approach to Community- Based Education to Develop Generic skills in Tomorrows Doctors. Middle East Journal of Nursing 2010; 3: 22-6. 6. Centre for Medical Education (CME). Curriculum for Under-graduate Medical Education in Bangladesh. CME 2002. Dhaka, Bangladesh. 7. Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council. Curriculum for Undergraduate Medical Education in Bangladesh– Updated 2012. Dhaka 1000. Bangladesh. 1-393. www.bmdc.org.bd 8. Heaton A, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Undergraduate preparation for prescribing: the views of 2413 UK medical students and recent graduates. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66(1): 128–34. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03197.x [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 9. Maxwell S, Walley T, Ferner RE. Using drugs safely. BMJ 2002; 324: 930–1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7343.930 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 10. Rawlins MD. Making tomorrows doctors better prescribers. Br J Clin Pharmacol2003;55(6):495.http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.0 1889.x [Accessed on 2013 Jan 02] 11. Aronson JK, Henderson G, Webb DJ, Rawlins MD. A prescription for better prescribing. BMJ 2006; 333: 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmj.38946.491829.BE [Accessed on 2013 Jan 03] 12. Mohamad NY, Ruzanna Z, Nabishah M, Mohd Nasri AB, Mohammad Arif K. Evaluation of case write-up: Assessment of prescription writing skills of fifth year medical students at UKM Medical Centre. Procedia- Social and Behavioural Sciences 2012; 60: 249-53. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.375 [Accessed on 2013 Feb 10] 13. Likic R, Maxwell SR. Prevention of medication errors: teaching and training. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 67(6): 656-61. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03423.x [Accessed on 2013 Feb 10] 14. Patricio KP, Alves NA, Arenales NG, Queluz TT. Teaching the Rational Use of Medicines to medical students: a qualitative research. BMC Med Educ 2012; 12: 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-12-56 15. Grahame-Smith DG, Aronson JK. Principles of prescribing and how to write prescriptions, Oxford textbook of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy, 3rded New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 173-88 16. Reid JL, Rubin PC, Whiting B. Drug prescription: Legal and practical aspects. In: Reid JL, Rubin PC, Whiting B, editors. Lecture notes on clinical pharmacology. 5th ed. London: Blackwell Science Ltd; 1998. 17. Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003. Available at: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0048/latest/DLM203312.html [Accessed on 2013 Jan 11]. 18. Ives G, Hodge K, Bullock S, Marriott J. First year RNs' actual and self-rated pharmacology knowledge. Aust J Adv Nurs 1996; 14(1): 13-9. PMID: 9128465 19. Grandell-Niemi H, Hupli M, Leino-Kilpi H, Puukka P. Finnish nurses and nursing students' pharmacological skills. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005; 14(6): 685-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01131 20. Manias E, Bullock S. The educational preparation of undergraduate nursing students in pharmacology: Clinical nurses perceptions and experiences of graduate nurses medication knowledge. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2002; 39(8): 773-84. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00008-1 21. Bangladesh Health Watch. Pharmaceutical promotion: Regulatory provisions,status of enforcement, awareness and compliance. In: Bangladesh health watch report. How healthy is health sector governance? Dhaka, Bangladesh: University press limited; 2010. p. 35-41 22. Wall D, Bolshaw A, Carolan J. From undergraduate medical education to pre-registration house officer year: how prepared are students? Med Teach2006;28(5):435–9.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142159060062 5171[Accessed on 2013 February 10] 23. Salam A, Yousuf R, Islam MZ, Yesmin F, Helali AM, Alattraqchi AG, Rao USM, Haque M. Professionalism of future medical professionals in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia.Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 124-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ bjp.v8i2.14158 [Accessed on 2013 April 1] 24. Salam A, Haque M, Islam MZ, Helali AM, Yousuf R, Yesmin F, Alattraqchi AG, Rao USM. Comparative study of professionalism of future medical professionals among three private medical colleges of Bangladesh. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. In Press 25. Salam A, Haque M, Rahman Z, Helali AM, Islam MZ, Nor Rahman NIA, Alattraqchi AG, Mohsena M, Yesmin F, Yousuf R. Comparative Study on Professionalism of Forthcoming Medical Doctors between two Private Medical Colleges in Savar, Bangladesh. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013; 5 (suppl 3): In Press. 26. World Health Organization (WHO). Media Centre. Promoting rational use of medicines saves lives and money, WHO experts say. Geneva 2004. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/notes/2004/np9/en/. [Accessed 2012 on November 3] 27. Preeth M, Shobana J. Study on Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics used in the management of various infectious diseases in Andrapradesh. Int Res J Pharm 2011; 2(7): 112-5. 28. Sarwar MS, Hossain MD. Fixed dose combination and disease management. Int Res J Pharm 2012, 3(11): 17-21. 29. Patil L, Khairnar A. Ninety percent drug utilization in patients of Upper respiratory tract infection. Int Res J Pharm. In Press 30. Sultana S, Khosru KH. Practice of using gifts as promotional materials for marketing of pharmaceutical products in Bangladesh: A survey conducted on general physicians and representatives from pharmaceutical companies. S J Pharm Sci 2011; 4(2): 13-8. http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/sjps.v4i2.10434 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 5] 31. Patel V, Vaidya R, Naik D, Borker P. Irrational drug use in India: a prescription survey from Goa. J Postgrad Med 2005; 51(1): 9-12. PMID: 15793331 32. Aronson JK. A prescription for better prescribing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61(5): 487-91.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02649.x [Accessed on 2013 Feb 10] 33. WHO Media Centre. Rational Use of medicine. 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/index.html [Accessed on 2012 November 03]. 34. Alanis AJ. Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era? Arch Med Res 2005;36(6):697-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed. 2005.06.009 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 35. Oshikoya KA, Bello JA, Ayorinde EO. Prescribing knowledge and skills of final year medical students in Nigeria. Indian J Pharmacol 2008; 40(6): 251-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.45150 36. Sultana S, Hamid K, Islam KMS, Roy S, Saha MR, Zulfiker H, Urmi KF. Assessment of Prescription Pattern of Hypertensive Patient's Prescription: A Prescription Survey Study from Various Hospitals of Bangladesh. Euro J Sci Res 2010; 40(4): 500-5. 37. Hasan SMR, Hossain MM, Akter R, Karim SMH, Haque S, Kamaluddin M, Ghani A. Pattern of Antibiotics use at the Primary Health Care Level of Bangladesh: Survey Report-1. S J Pharm Sci 2009; 2(1): 1-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v2i1.5809 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 38. Alkot M, Shaheen H, Hathout H. Prescribing Patterns and Errors in Family Practice; a Retrospective Study of Prescribing Records. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(11): 186-90. [Accessed on 2012 November 3] 39. Vijayakumar TM, Sathyavati D, Subhashini T, Grandhi S, Dhanaraju MD. Assessment of Prescribing Trends and Rationality of Drug Prescribing. International Journal of Pharmacology 2011; 7(1): 140-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.140.143 [Accessed on 2012 November 3] 40. Quick JD, Hogerzeil HV, Velasquez G, Rago L. Twenty-five years of essential medicines. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80(11): 913-4. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/18.1.1 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 41. Gwee MC. Teaching of medical pharmacology: the need to nurture the early development of desired attitudes for safe and rational drug prescribing. Med Teach 2009; 31(9): 847-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080 /01421590903168119 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 42. Oshikoya KA, Senbanjo IO and Amole OO. Interns knowledge of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics after undergraduate and on-going internship training in Nigeria: a pilot study. BMC Medical Education 2009; 9(1): 50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-9-50. Available from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/9/50 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 43. Rothwell C, Burford B, Morrison J, Morrow G, Allen M, Davies C, Baldauf B, Spencer J, Johnson N, Peile E and Illing J. Junior doctors prescribing: enhancing their learning in practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 73(2):194–202.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04061. Available from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/9/50 [Accessed on 2013 Jan 10] 44. 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Addressing Rational Prescribers through the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Course Work of MBBS Syllabus in Bangladesh
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Pharmacology is most rapidly expanding science in medical discipline which leads to the development of many important drugs to treat many medical conditions that was previously untreatable. This paper focuses on the necessity of integration of pharmacology in the medical curriculum in all clinical phases and ethical aspects of medicine in terms of irrational prescribing. Irrational prescribing of drugs is a major global health problem in medical practice. Currently Pharmacology is taught at phase-II, a 2 year period in a 5 years undergraduate medical Programme in Bangladesh under the name ‘Pharmacology and Therapeutics’. Indiscriminate use of clinically inappropriate and ineffective medicines are a serious problem. Medicines in Bangladesh are inappropriately prescribed, again all kinds of drugs including controlled products are dispensed and sold out frequently without prescription. Henceforth there are regular violation of medical ethics and professionalism. As only pharmacology and therapeutics deals with the correct selection of drugs, the subject should be continued to teach up to phase-III. In addition, therapeutic discussion should be incorporated with proper logbook during internship in order to make safe and efficient prescribers. Supreme priority should be given to legal and ethical aspects of medicine. Medical professionals must uphold social order by ensuring ethical practices of medicine and appropriate role modelling especially by the faculty.
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Addressing Rational Prescribers through the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Course Work of MBBS Syllabus in Bangladesh
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Addressing Rational Prescribers through the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Course Work of MBBS Syllabus in Bangladesh
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Addressing Rational Prescribers through the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Course Work of MBBS Syllabus in Bangladesh
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Addressing Rational Prescribers through the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Course Work of MBBS Syllabus in Bangladesh
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Addressing Rational Prescribers through the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Course Work of MBBS Syllabus in Bangladesh
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addressing rational prescribers through the pharmacology and therapeutics course work of mbbs syllabus in bangladesh
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