2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi)
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| collectionurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection3 |
| copyright | Copyright©PWB2025 |
| country | Malaysia |
| date | 2024-09-11 |
| format | General Document |
| id | 17341 |
| institution | UniSZA |
| originalfilename | REGULATORY ROLES AND PROCESSES OF Sargassum polycystum AND Spirulina platensis EXTRACTS AGAINST CADMIUM TOXICITY IN Brassica chinensis (PAK CHOI) (PHD_2024).pdf |
| person | Nurul Elyni Mat Shaari |
| recordtype | oai_dc |
| resourceurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=17341 |
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| spelling | 17341 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=17341 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection3 General Document Malaysia Library Staff (Top Management) Library Staff (Management) Library Staff (Support) Terengganu Faculty of Bio-resources & Food Industry English 2024-09-11 application/pdf 1.7 Photosynthesis Microsoft® Word for Microsoft 365 Server storage Scanned document Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin UniSZA Private Access Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin 353 Copyright©PWB2025 Dissertations, Academic Rubisco gene expression Nurul Elyni Mat Shaari Cadmium toxicity Brassica chinensis Pak Choi Sargassum polycystum Spirulina platensis Algal extract Biostimulant Heavy metal stress Antioxidant enzymes Plant physiology Phytoremediation Hydroponic cultivation Plant biochemical responses Cadmium—Physiological effect Heavy metals—Toxicology Brassica chinensis—Growth Plants—Effect of heavy metals on Biostimulants in agriculture Marine algae—Extracts—Bioactive compounds Spirulina—Biotechnology applications Sargassum—Biotechnology applications Photosynthesis—Regulation 2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi) Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal contaminant that can accumulate in the food chain, potentially causing ecological damage. Its principal harmful effect on plants is the inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis and the disruption of photosynthetic activities. Several approaches have been implemented to lessen these effects but there is limited study on the utilization of algal extracts as potential biostimulants to mitigate Cd toxicity in plants. To address this gap, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Sargassum polycystum and Spirulina platensis extracts on the growth and development of Pak Choi, and their capacity to alleviate the toxic effects of Cd. The efficacy of both algal extracts in alleviating Cd stress was investigated at various levels including morpho-biochemical, cellular, and molecular aspects. Starting with hydroponic conditions, 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L of CdCl₂ were introduced to the plants to assess the toxicity effects of Cd. The plant height, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), leaf number, area and thickness, Chl a, Chl b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), H₂O₂, Cd content, and root-to-shoot analysis were quantified as Cd stress biomarkers and Cd translocation. The hydroponic Pak Choi seedlings were treated with S. platensis (SPI), S. polycystum (SAR), and the mixture of both algae (SS) extracts (0, 25, 50, 100 mL/L) in the second experiment. The photosynthetic pigments, morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of treated and untreated plants were measured and determined. The efficacy of algal extracts (SPI, SAR and SS) to improve morphology, physiology, biochemical constituents, and defence system of Cd-contaminated seedlings (100 mg/L) were evaluated in hydroponic and soil (3rd to 4th experiments) conditions. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), WinRHIZO root scanner, and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were carried out to see the effects of algal extracts on leaf histology, root structure, and Rubisco gene expression of Cd-contaminated seedlings respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to statistically evaluate the significant differences in the examined parameters. The finding reveals that Cd significantly decreased the plant height, FW, DW, RWC, leaf number, leaf area, leaf thickness, and photosynthetic characteristics over the control. MDA, H₂O₂, and Pro content were increased significantly in 100 mg/L Cd with 12.22%, 557.8%, and 108.7% respectively, over the untreated plants. The highest Cd content was recorded in 100 mg/L Cd treatment with 61.47 mg/L (root) and 5.98 mg/L (shoot). The application of SPI, SAR and SS extracts induced plant growth and development, and metabolite changes of Cd-contaminated Pak Choi. The treatments also significantly reduced the toxicity of Cd by improving the morphology, growth and increasing photosynthetic pigments. 100 mL/L of SPI, SAR and SS treatments have increased net photosynthetic rate (66.22%, 77.48%, 76.82%) and stomatal conductance (14.05%, 130.16%, 215.48%) of Cd-treated Pak Choi. 100 mL/L of SS demonstrated the highest reading of internal CO₂ (30.80%) and transpiration rate (214.29%) over control (only 100 mg/L Cd). Antioxidant enzymes CAT, APX, POD, and protein were significantly increased in 100 mL/L extracts by 28.13% (100 SS), 36.40% (100 SAR), 46.92% (100 SS), and 153.48% (100 SS), respectively. The highest reduction of Cd content in Pak Choi was observed in 100 SS with a 53.8% (shoot) and 39.88% (root) decrease, respectively. The increased stomatal size, improved leaf and root structure have been recorded in algal extracts–Cd contaminated plants. The treatments also enhanced the Rubisco gene expression of Cd-contaminated Pak Choi to a greater level with the ratio of Rubisco gene increased up to 0.99-fold at 100 SS compared to 100 Cd (0.50-fold). Cd negatively affects plant growth, development, physiology and biochemical properties of Pak Choi. The introduction of algal extracts under Cd stress has improved growth, photosynthesis, biochemical properties, leaf histology, root structure, level of Rubisco gene expression, and reduced the stress biomarkers and Cd phytotoxicity of Pak Choi. This finding could offer sustainable farming practices by reducing chemical use. This promotes safer and more efficient crop farming, boosting public health and the agricultural economy. Furthermore, algal extracts from local sources improve resource utilization and environmental conservation, boosting economic and environmental sustainability. uuid:C5105D8E-F504-4C7A-A33C-FB466FC082E6 REGULATORY ROLES AND PROCESSES OF Sargassum polycystum AND Spirulina platensis EXTRACTS AGAINST CADMIUM TOXICITY IN Brassica chinensis (PAK CHOI) (PHD_2024).pdf Thesis |
| spellingShingle | 2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi) |
| state | Terengganu |
| subject | Dissertations, Academic Cadmium—Physiological effect Heavy metals—Toxicology Brassica chinensis—Growth Plants—Effect of heavy metals on Biostimulants in agriculture Marine algae—Extracts—Bioactive compounds Spirulina—Biotechnology applications Sargassum—Biotechnology applications Photosynthesis—Regulation |
| summary | Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal contaminant that can accumulate in the food chain, potentially causing ecological damage. Its principal harmful effect on plants is the inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis and the disruption of photosynthetic activities. Several approaches have been implemented to lessen these effects but there is limited study on the utilization of algal extracts as potential biostimulants to mitigate Cd toxicity in plants. To address this gap, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Sargassum polycystum and Spirulina platensis extracts on the growth and development of Pak Choi, and their capacity to alleviate the toxic effects of Cd. The efficacy of both algal extracts in alleviating Cd stress was investigated at various levels including morpho-biochemical, cellular, and molecular aspects. Starting with hydroponic conditions, 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L of CdCl₂ were introduced to the plants to assess the toxicity effects of Cd. The plant height, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), leaf number, area and thickness, Chl a, Chl b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), H₂O₂, Cd content, and root-to-shoot analysis were quantified as Cd stress biomarkers and Cd translocation. The hydroponic Pak Choi seedlings were treated with S. platensis (SPI), S. polycystum (SAR), and the mixture of both algae (SS) extracts (0, 25, 50, 100 mL/L) in the second experiment. The photosynthetic pigments, morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of treated and untreated plants were measured and determined. The efficacy of algal extracts (SPI, SAR and SS) to improve morphology, physiology, biochemical constituents, and defence system of Cd-contaminated seedlings (100 mg/L) were evaluated in hydroponic and soil (3rd to 4th experiments) conditions. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), WinRHIZO root scanner, and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were carried out to see the effects of algal extracts on leaf histology, root structure, and Rubisco gene expression of Cd-contaminated seedlings respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to statistically evaluate the significant differences in the examined parameters. The finding reveals that Cd significantly decreased the plant height, FW, DW, RWC, leaf number, leaf area, leaf thickness, and photosynthetic characteristics over the control. MDA, H₂O₂, and Pro content were increased significantly in 100 mg/L Cd with 12.22%, 557.8%, and 108.7% respectively, over the untreated plants. The highest Cd content was recorded in 100 mg/L Cd treatment with 61.47 mg/L (root) and 5.98 mg/L (shoot). The application of SPI, SAR and SS extracts induced plant growth and development, and metabolite changes of Cd-contaminated Pak Choi. The treatments also significantly reduced the toxicity of Cd by improving the morphology, growth and increasing photosynthetic pigments. 100 mL/L of SPI, SAR and SS treatments have increased net photosynthetic rate (66.22%, 77.48%, 76.82%) and stomatal conductance (14.05%, 130.16%, 215.48%) of Cd-treated Pak Choi. 100 mL/L of SS demonstrated the highest reading of internal CO₂ (30.80%) and transpiration rate (214.29%) over control (only 100 mg/L Cd). Antioxidant enzymes CAT, APX, POD, and protein were significantly increased in 100 mL/L extracts by 28.13% (100 SS), 36.40% (100 SAR), 46.92% (100 SS), and 153.48% (100 SS), respectively. The highest reduction of Cd content in Pak Choi was observed in 100 SS with a 53.8% (shoot) and 39.88% (root) decrease, respectively. The increased stomatal size, improved leaf and root structure have been recorded in algal extracts–Cd contaminated plants. The treatments also enhanced the Rubisco gene expression of Cd-contaminated Pak Choi to a greater level with the ratio of Rubisco gene increased up to 0.99-fold at 100 SS compared to 100 Cd (0.50-fold). Cd negatively affects plant growth, development, physiology and biochemical properties of Pak Choi. The introduction of algal extracts under Cd stress has improved growth, photosynthesis, biochemical properties, leaf histology, root structure, level of Rubisco gene expression, and reduced the stress biomarkers and Cd phytotoxicity of Pak Choi. This finding could offer sustainable farming practices by reducing chemical use. This promotes safer and more efficient crop farming, boosting public health and the agricultural economy. Furthermore, algal extracts from local sources improve resource utilization and environmental conservation, boosting economic and environmental sustainability. |
| title | 2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi) |
| title_full | 2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi) |
| title_fullStr | 2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi) |
| title_full_unstemmed | 2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi) |
| title_short | 2024_Regulatory Roles And Processes Of Sargassum Polycystum And Spirulina Platensis Extracts Against Cadmium Toxicity In Brassica Chinensis (Pak Choi) |
| title_sort | 2024_regulatory roles and processes of sargassum polycystum and spirulina platensis extracts against cadmium toxicity in brassica chinensis (pak choi) |