2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia
| Format: | General Document |
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| building | INTELEK Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| collectionurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection3 |
| copyright | Copyright©PWB2025 |
| country | Malaysia |
| date | 2025-04-30 |
| format | General Document |
| id | 17339 |
| institution | UniSZA |
| originalfilename | 17339_b45c00ca55724e4.pdf |
| person | Abdelmoaty Salem Abdelmoaty Salem |
| recordtype | oai_dc |
| resourceurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=17339 |
| sourcemedia | Server storage Scanned document |
| spelling | 17339 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=17339 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection3 General Document Malaysia Library Staff (Top Management) Library Staff (Management) Library Staff (Support) Terengganu Faculty of Bio-resources & Food Industry English application/pdf 1.5 Photosynthesis www.ilovepdf.com Server storage Scanned document Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin UniSZA Private Access Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin 284 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Biofertilizers Copyright©PWB2025 Trichoderma harzianum Plant growth Dissertations, Academic Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry 2025-04-30 Abdelmoaty Salem Abdelmoaty Salem Bacillus thuringiensis NPK fertilizer Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Fruit quality Rubisco gene expression Radionuclide reduction Volatile compounds Root structure Leaf histology SEM analysis Trichoderma harzianum Bacillus thuringiensis—Biofertilizers Fertilizers—Environmental aspects Citrus—Growth Citrus—Quality Rubisco—Gene expression Radioactive pollution—Soil Volatile organic compounds—Analysis 2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia Continuous use of chemical fertilizers reduces crop yield and quality over time, increases environmental pollution, and harms human health. Adopting sustainable biological practices can reduce these adverse effects. Limited information exists on applying Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis microbes as biofertilizers to improve key lime seedlings’ growth development and fruit quality. This study explored the use of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis as biofertilizers, combined with reduced NPK levels, to enhance key lime growth, fruit quality, and radioactive material reduction while examining their effects on volatile compounds and Rubisco gene expression. Forty key lime seedlings were treated with eight treatments (with five replicates for each): (T0) no fertilizers as control, (T1) 100 g of NPK, (T2) 5 g of T. harzianum + 50 g NPK, (T3) 5 g of Bt + 50 g NPK, (T4) 7.5 g of T. harzianum + 25 g NPK, (T5) 7.5 g of Bt + 25 g NPK, (T6) 10 g of T. harzianum, and (T7) 10 g of Bt. From February 2020 to January 2023, seedlings’ growth, leaf area index (LAI), absolute growth rate (AGR), pigments, photosynthetic parameters, and fruit morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties were measured and determined. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), WinRHIZO, GC-MS, and RT-PCR were carried out to observe the effects of microbes on leaf histology, root structure, fruit metabolite changes, and Rubisco gene expression of key lime seedlings. The results showed that T2 increased the seedlings’ height, branch number, and ground area by 50.12%, 107.84%, and 116.93% over the control. T3 significantly enhanced leaf number (60.82%), leaf area (42.75%), and AGR of key lime, while T5 notably increased leaf growth characteristics and chlorophyll content compared to the control. In addition, T5 increased fruit number, individual fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit juice, and fruit TSS content of lemon trees by 81.81%, 55.52%, 43.54%, 81.45%, and 70.78% compared to the control treatment. Vitamin C, total phenols, total flavonoids, and total sugar content increased by 1.59-, 1.66-, 1.44- and 2.07-fold in T5-treated fruits compared to the control. Furthermore, T2 improved photosynthetic characteristics and root biomass; T2, T3, and T5 treatments enhanced root structure, volatile compounds identified by GC-MS analysis, Rubisco gene expression, and reduced radionuclides. It can be concluded that T. harzianum with 25–50 g NPK improved vegetative plant growth and increased Rubisco gene expression, while Bt with 25–50 g NPK enhanced root structure and fruit quality. The inoculation of microbes is a novel technique to reduce the absorption of natural radionuclides from the soil and produce safer fruits for humans. uuid:4c8e8554-6308-4d97-99d2-4b4a8565c74c 17339_b45c00ca55724e4.pdf Thesis |
| spellingShingle | 2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia |
| state | Terengganu |
| subject | Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Dissertations, Academic Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry Trichoderma harzianum Bacillus thuringiensis—Biofertilizers Fertilizers—Environmental aspects Citrus—Growth Citrus—Quality Rubisco—Gene expression Radioactive pollution—Soil Volatile organic compounds—Analysis |
| summary | Continuous use of chemical fertilizers reduces crop yield and quality over time, increases environmental pollution, and harms human health. Adopting sustainable biological practices can reduce these adverse effects. Limited information exists on applying Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis microbes as biofertilizers to improve key lime seedlings’ growth development and fruit quality. This study explored the use of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis as biofertilizers, combined with reduced NPK levels, to enhance key lime growth, fruit quality, and radioactive material reduction while examining their effects on volatile compounds and Rubisco gene expression. Forty key lime seedlings were treated with eight treatments (with five replicates for each): (T0) no fertilizers as control, (T1) 100 g of NPK, (T2) 5 g of T. harzianum + 50 g NPK, (T3) 5 g of Bt + 50 g NPK, (T4) 7.5 g of T. harzianum + 25 g NPK, (T5) 7.5 g of Bt + 25 g NPK, (T6) 10 g of T. harzianum, and (T7) 10 g of Bt. From February 2020 to January 2023, seedlings’ growth, leaf area index (LAI), absolute growth rate (AGR), pigments, photosynthetic parameters, and fruit morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties were measured and determined. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), WinRHIZO, GC-MS, and RT-PCR were carried out to observe the effects of microbes on leaf histology, root structure, fruit metabolite changes, and Rubisco gene expression of key lime seedlings. The results showed that T2 increased the seedlings’ height, branch number, and ground area by 50.12%, 107.84%, and 116.93% over the control. T3 significantly enhanced leaf number (60.82%), leaf area (42.75%), and AGR of key lime, while T5 notably increased leaf growth characteristics and chlorophyll content compared to the control. In addition, T5 increased fruit number, individual fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit juice, and fruit TSS content of lemon trees by 81.81%, 55.52%, 43.54%, 81.45%, and 70.78% compared to the control treatment. Vitamin C, total phenols, total flavonoids, and total sugar content increased by 1.59-, 1.66-, 1.44- and 2.07-fold in T5-treated fruits compared to the control. Furthermore, T2 improved photosynthetic characteristics and root biomass; T2, T3, and T5 treatments enhanced root structure, volatile compounds identified by GC-MS analysis, Rubisco gene expression, and reduced radionuclides. It can be concluded that T. harzianum with 25–50 g NPK improved vegetative plant growth and increased Rubisco gene expression, while Bt with 25–50 g NPK enhanced root structure and fruit quality. The inoculation of microbes is a novel technique to reduce the absorption of natural radionuclides from the soil and produce safer fruits for humans. |
| title | 2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia |
| title_full | 2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia |
| title_fullStr | 2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia |
| title_full_unstemmed | 2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia |
| title_short | 2025_Effect Of Trichoderma Harzianum And Bacillus Thuringiensis With NPK On Growth, Fruit Quality And Rubisco Gene Expression In Citrus Aurantifolia |
| title_sort | 2025_effect of trichoderma harzianum and bacillus thuringiensis with npk on growth, fruit quality and rubisco gene expression in citrus aurantifolia |