2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines
| Format: | General Document |
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| _version_ | 1860797986752167936 |
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| building | INTELEK Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| collectionurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection3 |
| copyright | Copyright©PWB2025 |
| country | Malaysia |
| date | 2022-06-07 16:07 |
| format | General Document |
| id | 15288 |
| institution | UniSZA |
| originalfilename | ASSESSMENT OF SEWAGE CONTAMINATION USING CHEMICAL MARKERS AND NITRATE STABLE ISOTOPES IN THE LINGGI CATCHMENT, MALAYSIA: A POTENTIAL NOVEL INPUT INTO MALAYSIAN GUIDELINES |
| person | PDFsam Basic v4.2.10 Munirah binti Abdul Zali |
| recordtype | oai_dc |
| resourceurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=15288 |
| sourcemedia | Server storage Scanned document |
| spelling | 15288 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=15288 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection3 General Document Malaysia Library Staff (Top Management) Library Staff (Management) Library Staff (Support) Terengganu English UniSZA East Coast Environmental Research Institute application/pdf 1.5 PDFsam Basic v4.2.10 Malaysia Server storage Scanned document Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin UniSZA Private Access Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin SAMBox 2.3.4; modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.10 ©2000-2016 iText Group NV (AGPL-version) 2022-06-07 16:07 ASSESSMENT OF SEWAGE CONTAMINATION USING CHEMICAL MARKERS AND NITRATE STABLE ISOTOPES IN THE LINGGI CATCHMENT, MALAYSIA: A POTENTIAL NOVEL INPUT INTO MALAYSIAN GUIDELINES 343 2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines Copyright©PWB2025 Munirah binti Abdul Zali Sewage Contamination Chemical Markers Nitrate Stable Isotopes Linggi Catchment Novel Malaysian Guidelines Water pollution—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed—Measurement Sewage—Environmental aspects—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed. Chemical markers—Environmental aspects—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed Nitrate pollution—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed Isotope tracers in hydrology—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed Sewage contamination is a severe concern in freshwater quality management because microorganisms in sewage can cause diseases, leading to adverse health effects in humans and aquatic organisms. Freshwater also has been frequently impacted by domestic waste and other non-human contamination. Linggi River Basin, Malaysia is located in growingly urbanized areas, industrial, and agricultural activities. The growing populations at the study location may contribute sewage contamination into nearby freshwater distribution. In this study, the distribution of sterols and stanols was examined in the filtrate and particulate samples collected from sewage treatment plants (STPs), river water, and groundwater during the dry and rainy seasons. The filtrate and particulate samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction and sonication, respectively. Samples were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydrochemical parameters and nitrate stable isotopes were also analyzed to improve the sewage assessment of water samples during both seasons. The hydrochemical parameters for anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and alkalinity) and cations (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) were determined using ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. For nitrate stable isotopes, the silver nitrate precipitation method was used to determine the δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- signature in water samples. During both seasons, the content of total sterols and stanols in the particulate samples was higher than the content of total sterols and stanols in the filtrate samples in the majority of the STP, river water, and groundwater samples. Coprostanol, cholesterol and β-sitosterol were the major sterols and stanols in the filtrate and particulate samples from STPs and river water. Meanwhile, 24-ethylcoprostanol and β-sitosterol were the major sterols and stanols in the filtrate and particulate samples from groundwater. Sewage and non-human contamination in the filtrate and particulate samples from STPs and river water were detected by sewage source assessment based on diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA). However, the filtrate and particulate samples from groundwater primarily contained non-human contaminants. Discriminant analysis (DA) indicated that sewage source classification based on principal components was superior to that found on diagnostic ratios. According to hydrochemical analysis, cation and anion levels varied among STP, river water, and groundwater samples in both seasons.. Given the potential risk of nitrate discharge from STPs to rivers, further sewage assessment using nitrate stable isotopes was conducted on STP and river water samples. Based on the signatures of δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-, the Linggi River is likely contaminated by a mixture of nitrate-based anthropogenic pollutants mainly derived from the fixation, nitrification, and mineralization processes of the nitrogen cycle. Using PCA, the combination of sterols, stanols and nitrate stable isotopes revealed a mixture of pollution sources based on sewage and non-human contamination at the Linggi catchment area. According to DA, sewage source classification using the multimarker technique improved sewage sources assessment than the conventional technique based on sterols and stanols marker alone. Absolute principal component scoresmultiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) analysis revealed solute enrichment from anthropogenic activities as the primary source of pollutants in the Linggi River during both seasons. This study highlights the utility and the enhancement of multi-marker technique in sewage assessment, and these findings will help in water pollution identification guidelines and further pollution mitigation actions. Dissertations, Academic Thesis |
| spellingShingle | 2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines |
| state | Terengganu |
| subject | Water pollution—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed—Measurement Sewage—Environmental aspects—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed. Chemical markers—Environmental aspects—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed Nitrate pollution—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed Isotope tracers in hydrology—Malaysia—Linggi River Watershed Dissertations, Academic |
| summary | Sewage contamination is a severe concern in freshwater quality management because microorganisms in sewage can cause diseases, leading to adverse health effects in humans and aquatic organisms. Freshwater also has been frequently impacted by domestic waste and other non-human contamination. Linggi River Basin, Malaysia is located in growingly urbanized areas, industrial, and agricultural activities. The growing populations at the study location may contribute sewage contamination into nearby freshwater distribution. In this study, the distribution of sterols and stanols was examined in the filtrate and particulate samples collected from sewage treatment plants (STPs), river water, and groundwater during the dry and rainy seasons. The filtrate and particulate samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction and sonication, respectively. Samples were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydrochemical parameters and nitrate stable isotopes were also analyzed to improve the sewage assessment of water samples during both seasons. The hydrochemical parameters for anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and alkalinity) and cations (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) were determined using ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. For nitrate stable isotopes, the silver nitrate precipitation method was used to determine the δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- signature in water samples. During both seasons, the content of total sterols and stanols in the particulate samples was higher than the content of total sterols and stanols in the filtrate samples in the majority of the STP, river water, and groundwater samples. Coprostanol, cholesterol and β-sitosterol were the major sterols and stanols in the filtrate and particulate samples from STPs and river water. Meanwhile, 24-ethylcoprostanol and β-sitosterol were the major sterols and stanols in the filtrate and particulate samples from groundwater. Sewage and non-human contamination in the filtrate and particulate samples from STPs and river water were detected by sewage source assessment based on diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA). However, the filtrate and particulate samples from groundwater primarily contained non-human contaminants. Discriminant analysis (DA) indicated that sewage source classification based on principal components was superior to that found on diagnostic ratios. According to hydrochemical analysis, cation and anion levels varied among STP, river water, and groundwater samples in both seasons.. Given the potential risk of nitrate discharge from STPs to rivers, further sewage assessment using nitrate stable isotopes was conducted on STP and river water samples. Based on the signatures of δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-, the Linggi River is likely contaminated by a mixture of nitrate-based anthropogenic pollutants mainly derived from the fixation, nitrification, and mineralization processes of the nitrogen cycle. Using PCA, the combination of sterols, stanols and nitrate stable isotopes revealed a mixture of pollution sources based on sewage and non-human contamination at the Linggi catchment area. According to DA, sewage source classification using the multimarker technique improved sewage sources assessment than the conventional technique based on sterols and stanols marker alone. Absolute principal component scoresmultiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) analysis revealed solute enrichment from anthropogenic activities as the primary source of pollutants in the Linggi River during both seasons. This study highlights the utility and the enhancement of multi-marker technique in sewage assessment, and these findings will help in water pollution identification guidelines and further pollution mitigation actions. |
| title | 2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines |
| title_full | 2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines |
| title_fullStr | 2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines |
| title_full_unstemmed | 2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines |
| title_short | 2022_Assessment of Sewage Contamination Using Chemical Markers and Nitrate Stable Isotopes In The Linggi Catchment, Malaysia: A Potential Novel Input Into Malaysian Guidelines |
| title_sort | 2022_assessment of sewage contamination using chemical markers and nitrate stable isotopes in the linggi catchment, malaysia: a potential novel input into malaysian guidelines |