Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC)
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| caption | E. longifolia is attracting interest due to its pharmacological properties and pro-vitality effects. In this study, an online SPE-LC approach using polystyrene divinyl benzene (PSDVB) and C18 columns was developed in obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of E. longifolia. E. longifolia root samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique prior to online SPE-LC. The effects of mobile phase compositions and column switching time on the chromatographic fingerprint were optimized. Validation of the developed method was studied based on eurycomanone. Linearity was in the range of 5 to 50 gmL-1 (r2 = 0.997) with 3.2% relative standard deviation of peak area. The developed method was used to analyze 14 E. longifolia root samples and 10 products (capsules). Selected chemometric techniques: cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the fingerprint datasets of 37 selected peaks to evaluate the ability of the chromatographic fingerprint in classifying quality of E. longifolia. Three groups were obtained using CA. DA yielded 100% correlation coefficient with 19 discriminant compounds. Using PCA, E. longifolia root samples were clearly discriminated from the products. This study showed that the developed online SPE-LC method was able to provide comprehensive evaluation of E. longifolia samples for quality control purposes. |
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| collectionurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 |
| date | 2024-08-27 16:07:02 |
| format | Restricted Document |
| id | 13057 |
| institution | UniSZA |
| internalnotes | 1. Bhat, R.; Karim, A.A. Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): A review on its ethnobotany and pharmacological importance. Fitoterapia 2010, 81, 669–679. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Low, B.S.; Das, P.K.; Chan, K.L. Acute, reproductive toxicity and two-generation teratology studies of a standardized quassinoid-rich extract of Eurycoma longifolia Jack in Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytother. Res. 2014, 28, 1022–1029. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Locatelli, M.; Genovese, S.; Carlucci, G.; Kremer, D.; Randic, M. Development and application of high-performance liquid chromatography for the study of two new oxyprenylated anthraquinones produced by Rhamnus species. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1225, 113–120. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Khari, N.; Aisha, A.F.A.; Ismail, Z. Phase high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of eurycomanone in Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) extracts and their commercial products. Tropical J. Pharm. Res. 2014, 13, 801–807. [CrossRef] 5. Zanoli, P.; Zavatti, M.; Montanari, C.; Baraldi, M. Influence of Eurycoma longifolia on the copulatory activity of sexually sluggish and impotent male rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 126, 308–313. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Mohamad, M.; Ali, M.W.; Ripin, A.; Ahmad, A. Effect of extraction process parameters on the yield of bioactive compounds from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. J. Technol. (Sci. Eng.) 2013, 60, 51–57. 7. Kotirum, S.; Ismail, S.B.; Chaiyakunapruk, N. Efficacy of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) on erectile function improvement: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement. Ther. Med. 2015, 23, 693–698. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 8. Han, Y.M.; Kim, I.S.; Rehman, S.U.; Choe, K.; Yoo, H.H. In vitro evaluation of the effects of Eurycoma longifolia extract on CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015. [CrossRef] 9. Liang, Y.Z.; Xie, P.; Chan, K. Quality control of herbal medicines. J. Chromatogr. B 2004, 812, 53–70. [CrossRef] 10. Alaerts, G.; Dejaegher, B.; Smeyers-Berbeke, J.; Vander-Heyden, Y. Recent developments in chromatographic fingerprints from herbal products: Set-up and data analysis. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 2010, 13, 900–922. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 11. Tistaert, C.; Dejaegher, B.; Vander-Heyden, Y. Chromatographic separation techniques and data handling methods for herbal fingerprints: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 690, 148–161. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Anonymous. Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002–2005. 2002. Available online: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/ 2002/who_edm_trm_2002.1.pdf (accessed on 15 June 2015). 13. Fan, X.; Cheng, Y.; Ye, Z.; Lin, R.; Qian, Z. Multiple chromatographic fingerprinting and its application to the quality control of herbal medicines. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 555, 217–224. [CrossRef] 14. Mazina, J.; Vaher, M.; Kuhtinskaja, M.; Poryvkina, L.; Kaljurand, M. Fluorescence, electrophoretic and chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines and their comparative chemometric analysis. Talanta 2015, 139, 233–246. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Peres, V.F.; Saffi, J.; Melecchi, M.I.S.; Abad, F.C.; Martinez, M.M.; Oliveira, E.C.; Jacques, R.A.; Caramao, E.B. Optimization of pressurised liquid extraction of Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth leaves. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1105, 148–153. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 16. Zaibunnisa, A.H.; Norashikin, S.; Mamot, S.; Osman, H. An experimental design approach for the extraction of volatile compounds from turmeric leaves (Curcuma domestica) using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE). LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 42, 233–238. [CrossRef] 17. Liang, Z.; Li, K.; Wang, X.; Ke, Y.; Jin, Y. Combination of off-line two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for polar fraction and two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography ˆ reversed-phase liquid chromatography for medium-polar fraction in a traditional chinese medicine. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1224, 61–69. [PubMed] 18. Genovese, S.; Epifano, F.; Carlucci, G.; Marcotullio, M.C.; Curini, M.; Locatelli, M. Quantification of 4’-geranyloxyferulic acid, a new natural colon cancer chemopreventive agent, by HPLC-DAD in grapefruit skin extract. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 53, 212–214. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 19. Gong, F.; Liang, Y.Z.; Xie, P.S.; Chau, F.T. Information theory applied to chromatographic fingerprint of herbal medicine for quality control. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1002, 25–40. [CrossRef] 20. Homing, O.B.; Theodorsen, S.; Vorm, O.; Jensen, O.N. Solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography (SPE-LC) interface for automated peptide separation and identification by tandem mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 268, 147–157. 21. Yudthavorasit, S.; Wongravee, K.; Leepipatpiboon, N. Characteristic fingerprint based on gingerol derivative analysis for discrimination of ginger (Zingiber officinale) according to geographical origin using HPLC-DAD combined with chemometrics. Food Chem. 2014, 158, 101–111. 22. Kong, W.J.; Zhao, Y.L.; Xiao, X.H.; Jin, C.; Li, Z.L. Quantitative and chemical fingerprint analysis for quality control of Rhizoma Coptidischinensis based on UPLC-PAD combined with chemometrics methods. Phytomedicine 2009, 16, 950–959. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 23. Ramos, C.F.; Satinsky, D.; Solich, P. New method for the determination of carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides in water samples using on-line SPE fused core column chromatography. Talanta 2014, 129, 579–585. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 24. Kuklenyik, Z.; Ye, X.; Reich, J.A.; Needham, L.L.; Calafat, A.M. Automated offline and online solid phase extraction methods for measuring isoflavones and lignans in urine. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2004, 42, 495–500. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Hajjouli, S.; Chateauvieux, S.; Teiten, M.H.; Orlikova, B.; Schumacher, M.; Dicato, M.; Choo, C.Y.; Diederich, M. Eurycomanone and eurycomanol from Eurycoma longifolia Jack as regulators of signaling pathways involved in proliferation, cell death and inflammation. Molecules 2014, 19, 14649–14666. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Han, Y.M.; Woo, S.U.; Choi, M.S.; Park, Y.N.; Kim, S.H.; Yim, H.; Yoo, H.H. Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Eurycoma longifolia extracts. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2016, 39, 421–428. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 27. Chen, Y.; Zhu, S.B.; Xie, M.Y.; Nie, S.P.; Liu, W.; Li, C.; Gong, X.F.; Wang, Y.X. Quality control and original discrimination of Ganoderma lucidum based on high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints and combined chemometrics methods. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 623, 146–156. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 28. Tian, R.T.; Xie, P.S.; Liu, H.P. Evaluation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine: Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) by both high-performance liquid chromatographic and high-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprint and chemometric analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 2150–2155. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 29. Liu, A.H.; Lin, Y.H.; Yang, M.; Guo, H.; Guan, S.H.; Sun, J.H.; Guo, D.A. Development of the fingerprints for the quality of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its related preparations by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS. J. Chromatogr. B 2007, 846, 32–41. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 30. Al-Odaini, N.A.; Zakaria, M.P.; Zali, M.A.; Juahir, H.; Yaziz, M.I.; Surif, S. Application of chemometrics in understanding the spatial distribution of human pharmaceuticals in surface water. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2012, 184, 6735–6748. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 31. Osman, R.; Saim, N.; Saaid, M.; Zaini, N.N. An experimental design approach for the extraction of eurycomanone from Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) roots using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE). Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 2016, 20, 342–350. |
| originalfilename | 7368-01-FH02-ESERI-16-05986.pdf |
| person | Nor Nasriah Zaini Rozita Osman Hafizan Juahir and Norashikin Saim |
| recordtype | oai_dc |
| resourceurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=13057 |
| spelling | 13057 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=13057 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 Restricted Document Article Journal application/pdf Adobe Acrobat Pro DC 20 Paper Capture Plug-in with ClearScan 12 1.6 Nor Nasriah Zaini Rozita Osman Hafizan Juahir and Norashikin Saim 2024-08-27 16:07:02 E. longifolia is attracting interest due to its pharmacological properties and pro-vitality effects. In this study, an online SPE-LC approach using polystyrene divinyl benzene (PSDVB) and C18 columns was developed in obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of E. longifolia. E. longifolia root samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique prior to online SPE-LC. The effects of mobile phase compositions and column switching time on the chromatographic fingerprint were optimized. Validation of the developed method was studied based on eurycomanone. Linearity was in the range of 5 to 50 gmL-1 (r2 = 0.997) with 3.2% relative standard deviation of peak area. The developed method was used to analyze 14 E. longifolia root samples and 10 products (capsules). Selected chemometric techniques: cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the fingerprint datasets of 37 selected peaks to evaluate the ability of the chromatographic fingerprint in classifying quality of E. longifolia. Three groups were obtained using CA. DA yielded 100% correlation coefficient with 19 discriminant compounds. Using PCA, E. longifolia root samples were clearly discriminated from the products. This study showed that the developed online SPE-LC method was able to provide comprehensive evaluation of E. longifolia samples for quality control purposes. E. longifolia is attracting interest due to its pharmacological properties and pro-vitality effects. In this study an online SPE-LC approach using polystyrene divinyl benzene (PSDVB) and C18 columns was developed in obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of E. longifolia. E. longifolia root samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique prior to online SPE-LC. The effects of mobile phase compositions and column switching time on the chromatographic fingerprint were optimized. Validation of the developed method was studied based on eurycomanone. Linearity was in the range of 5 to 50 gmL-1 (r2 = 0.997) with 3.2% relative standard deviation of peak area. The developed method was used to analyze 14 E. longifolia root samples and 10 products (capsules). Selected chemometric techniques: cluster analysis (CA) discriminant analysis (DA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the fingerprint datasets of 37 selected peaks to evaluate the ability of the chromatographic fingerprint in classifying quality of E. longifolia. Three groups were obtained using CA. DA yielded 100% correlation coefficient with 19 discriminant compounds. Using PCA E. longifolia root samples were clearly discriminated from the products. This study showed that the developed online SPE-LC method was able to provide comprehensive evaluation of E. longifolia samples for quality control purposes. 7368-01-FH02-ESERI-16-05986.pdf UniSZA Private Access Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC) Molecules E. longifolia is attracting interest due to its pharmacological properties and pro-vitality effects. In this study, an online SPE-LC approach using polystyrene divinyl benzene (PSDVB) and C18 columns was developed in obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of E. longifolia. E. longifolia root samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique prior to online SPE-LC. The effects of mobile phase compositions and column switching time on the chromatographic fingerprint were optimized. Validation of the developed method was studied based on eurycomanone. Linearity was in the range of 5 to 50 µg¨mL´1 (r2 = 0.997) with 3.2% relative standard deviation of peak area. The developed method was used to analyze 14 E. longifolia root samples and 10 products (capsules). Selected chemometric techniques: cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the fingerprint datasets of 37 selected peaks to evaluate the ability of the chromatographic fingerprint in classifying quality of E. longifolia. Three groups were obtained using CA. DA yielded 100% correlation coefficient with 19 discriminant compounds. Using PCA, E. longifolia root samples were clearly discriminated from the products. This study showed that the developed online SPE-LC method was able to provide comprehensive evaluation of E. longifolia samples for quality control purposes. 21 5 MDPI AG MDPI AG 1-10 1. Bhat, R.; Karim, A.A. Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): A review on its ethnobotany and pharmacological importance. Fitoterapia 2010, 81, 669–679. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Low, B.S.; Das, P.K.; Chan, K.L. Acute, reproductive toxicity and two-generation teratology studies of a standardized quassinoid-rich extract of Eurycoma longifolia Jack in Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytother. Res. 2014, 28, 1022–1029. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Locatelli, M.; Genovese, S.; Carlucci, G.; Kremer, D.; Randic, M. Development and application of high-performance liquid chromatography for the study of two new oxyprenylated anthraquinones produced by Rhamnus species. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1225, 113–120. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Khari, N.; Aisha, A.F.A.; Ismail, Z. Phase high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of eurycomanone in Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) extracts and their commercial products. Tropical J. Pharm. Res. 2014, 13, 801–807. [CrossRef] 5. Zanoli, P.; Zavatti, M.; Montanari, C.; Baraldi, M. Influence of Eurycoma longifolia on the copulatory activity of sexually sluggish and impotent male rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 126, 308–313. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Mohamad, M.; Ali, M.W.; Ripin, A.; Ahmad, A. Effect of extraction process parameters on the yield of bioactive compounds from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. J. Technol. (Sci. Eng.) 2013, 60, 51–57. 7. Kotirum, S.; Ismail, S.B.; Chaiyakunapruk, N. Efficacy of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) on erectile function improvement: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement. Ther. Med. 2015, 23, 693–698. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 8. Han, Y.M.; Kim, I.S.; Rehman, S.U.; Choe, K.; Yoo, H.H. In vitro evaluation of the effects of Eurycoma longifolia extract on CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015. [CrossRef] 9. Liang, Y.Z.; Xie, P.; Chan, K. Quality control of herbal medicines. J. Chromatogr. B 2004, 812, 53–70. [CrossRef] 10. Alaerts, G.; Dejaegher, B.; Smeyers-Berbeke, J.; Vander-Heyden, Y. Recent developments in chromatographic fingerprints from herbal products: Set-up and data analysis. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 2010, 13, 900–922. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 11. Tistaert, C.; Dejaegher, B.; Vander-Heyden, Y. Chromatographic separation techniques and data handling methods for herbal fingerprints: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 690, 148–161. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Anonymous. Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002–2005. 2002. Available online: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/ 2002/who_edm_trm_2002.1.pdf (accessed on 15 June 2015). 13. Fan, X.; Cheng, Y.; Ye, Z.; Lin, R.; Qian, Z. Multiple chromatographic fingerprinting and its application to the quality control of herbal medicines. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 555, 217–224. [CrossRef] 14. Mazina, J.; Vaher, M.; Kuhtinskaja, M.; Poryvkina, L.; Kaljurand, M. Fluorescence, electrophoretic and chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines and their comparative chemometric analysis. Talanta 2015, 139, 233–246. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Peres, V.F.; Saffi, J.; Melecchi, M.I.S.; Abad, F.C.; Martinez, M.M.; Oliveira, E.C.; Jacques, R.A.; Caramao, E.B. Optimization of pressurised liquid extraction of Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth leaves. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1105, 148–153. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 16. Zaibunnisa, A.H.; Norashikin, S.; Mamot, S.; Osman, H. An experimental design approach for the extraction of volatile compounds from turmeric leaves (Curcuma domestica) using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE). LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 42, 233–238. [CrossRef] 17. Liang, Z.; Li, K.; Wang, X.; Ke, Y.; Jin, Y. Combination of off-line two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for polar fraction and two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography ˆ reversed-phase liquid chromatography for medium-polar fraction in a traditional chinese medicine. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1224, 61–69. [PubMed] 18. Genovese, S.; Epifano, F.; Carlucci, G.; Marcotullio, M.C.; Curini, M.; Locatelli, M. Quantification of 4’-geranyloxyferulic acid, a new natural colon cancer chemopreventive agent, by HPLC-DAD in grapefruit skin extract. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 53, 212–214. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 19. Gong, F.; Liang, Y.Z.; Xie, P.S.; Chau, F.T. Information theory applied to chromatographic fingerprint of herbal medicine for quality control. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1002, 25–40. [CrossRef] 20. Homing, O.B.; Theodorsen, S.; Vorm, O.; Jensen, O.N. Solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography (SPE-LC) interface for automated peptide separation and identification by tandem mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 268, 147–157. 21. Yudthavorasit, S.; Wongravee, K.; Leepipatpiboon, N. Characteristic fingerprint based on gingerol derivative analysis for discrimination of ginger (Zingiber officinale) according to geographical origin using HPLC-DAD combined with chemometrics. Food Chem. 2014, 158, 101–111. 22. Kong, W.J.; Zhao, Y.L.; Xiao, X.H.; Jin, C.; Li, Z.L. Quantitative and chemical fingerprint analysis for quality control of Rhizoma Coptidischinensis based on UPLC-PAD combined with chemometrics methods. Phytomedicine 2009, 16, 950–959. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 23. Ramos, C.F.; Satinsky, D.; Solich, P. New method for the determination of carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides in water samples using on-line SPE fused core column chromatography. Talanta 2014, 129, 579–585. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 24. Kuklenyik, Z.; Ye, X.; Reich, J.A.; Needham, L.L.; Calafat, A.M. Automated offline and online solid phase extraction methods for measuring isoflavones and lignans in urine. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2004, 42, 495–500. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Hajjouli, S.; Chateauvieux, S.; Teiten, M.H.; Orlikova, B.; Schumacher, M.; Dicato, M.; Choo, C.Y.; Diederich, M. Eurycomanone and eurycomanol from Eurycoma longifolia Jack as regulators of signaling pathways involved in proliferation, cell death and inflammation. Molecules 2014, 19, 14649–14666. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Han, Y.M.; Woo, S.U.; Choi, M.S.; Park, Y.N.; Kim, S.H.; Yim, H.; Yoo, H.H. Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Eurycoma longifolia extracts. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2016, 39, 421–428. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 27. Chen, Y.; Zhu, S.B.; Xie, M.Y.; Nie, S.P.; Liu, W.; Li, C.; Gong, X.F.; Wang, Y.X. Quality control and original discrimination of Ganoderma lucidum based on high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints and combined chemometrics methods. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 623, 146–156. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 28. Tian, R.T.; Xie, P.S.; Liu, H.P. Evaluation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine: Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) by both high-performance liquid chromatographic and high-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprint and chemometric analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 2150–2155. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 29. Liu, A.H.; Lin, Y.H.; Yang, M.; Guo, H.; Guan, S.H.; Sun, J.H.; Guo, D.A. Development of the fingerprints for the quality of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its related preparations by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS. J. Chromatogr. B 2007, 846, 32–41. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 30. Al-Odaini, N.A.; Zakaria, M.P.; Zali, M.A.; Juahir, H.; Yaziz, M.I.; Surif, S. Application of chemometrics in understanding the spatial distribution of human pharmaceuticals in surface water. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2012, 184, 6735–6748. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 31. Osman, R.; Saim, N.; Saaid, M.; Zaini, N.N. An experimental design approach for the extraction of eurycomanone from Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) roots using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE). Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 2016, 20, 342–350. |
| spellingShingle | Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC) |
| subject | E. longifolia is attracting interest due to its pharmacological properties and pro-vitality effects. In this study an online SPE-LC approach using polystyrene divinyl benzene (PSDVB) and C18 columns was developed in obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of E. longifolia. E. longifolia root samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique prior to online SPE-LC. The effects of mobile phase compositions and column switching time on the chromatographic fingerprint were optimized. Validation of the developed method was studied based on eurycomanone. Linearity was in the range of 5 to 50 gmL-1 (r2 = 0.997) with 3.2% relative standard deviation of peak area. The developed method was used to analyze 14 E. longifolia root samples and 10 products (capsules). Selected chemometric techniques: cluster analysis (CA) discriminant analysis (DA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the fingerprint datasets of 37 selected peaks to evaluate the ability of the chromatographic fingerprint in classifying quality of E. longifolia. Three groups were obtained using CA. DA yielded 100% correlation coefficient with 19 discriminant compounds. Using PCA E. longifolia root samples were clearly discriminated from the products. This study showed that the developed online SPE-LC method was able to provide comprehensive evaluation of E. longifolia samples for quality control purposes. |
| summary | E. longifolia is attracting interest due to its pharmacological properties and pro-vitality effects. In this study, an online SPE-LC approach using polystyrene divinyl benzene (PSDVB) and C18 columns was developed in obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of E. longifolia. E. longifolia root samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique prior to online SPE-LC. The effects of mobile phase compositions and column switching time on the chromatographic fingerprint were optimized. Validation of the developed method was studied based on eurycomanone. Linearity was in the range of 5 to 50 µg¨mL´1 (r2 = 0.997) with 3.2% relative standard deviation of peak area. The developed method was used to analyze 14 E. longifolia root samples and 10 products (capsules). Selected chemometric techniques: cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the fingerprint datasets of 37 selected peaks to evaluate the ability of the chromatographic fingerprint in classifying quality of E. longifolia. Three groups were obtained using CA. DA yielded 100% correlation coefficient with 19 discriminant compounds. Using PCA, E. longifolia root samples were clearly discriminated from the products. This study showed that the developed online SPE-LC method was able to provide comprehensive evaluation of E. longifolia samples for quality control purposes. |
| title | Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC) |
| title_full | Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC) |
| title_fullStr | Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC) |
| title_short | Development of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Roots Using Online Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography (SPE-LC) |
| title_sort | development of chromatographic fingerprints of eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali) roots using online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography (spe-lc) |