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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance .
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Online Access
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https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072
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2024-08-27 15:25:22
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Restricted Document
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12906
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1. Clardy J, Fischbach MA, Currie CR. The natural history of antibiotics. Curr Biol. 2009;19(11):R437–R441. 2. American Chemical Society. The Discovery and Development of Penicillin 1928–1948. International Historic Chemical Landmark. Washington, DC: ACS; 1999. Available from: http://www.acs. org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ flemingpenicillin/the-discovery-and-development-of-penicillincommemorative-booklet.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 3. Diggins F. The true history of the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. Biomed Sci. 2003;246–249. 4. Peláez F. The historical delivery of antibiotics from microbial natural products – can history repeat? Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;71(7): 981–990. 5. Saga T, Yamaguchi K. History of antimicrobial agents and resistant bacteria. JMAJ. 2009;52(2):103–108. 6. Bassett EJ, Keith MS, Armelagos GJ, Martin DL, Villanueva AR. Tetracycline-labeled human bone from ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350). Science. 1980;209:1532–1534. 7. Nelson ML, Dinardo A, Hochberg J, Armelagos GJ. Brief communication: mass spectroscopic characterization of tetracycline in the skeletal remains of an ancient population from Sudanese Nubia 350–550 CE. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;143:151–154. 8. Cook M, Molto E, Anderson C. Fluorochrome labelling in Roman period skeletons from Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1989;80: 137–143. 9. Armelagos GJ. Disease in ancient Nubia. Science. 1969;163:225–258. 10. Borgdorff MW, van Soolingen D. The re-emergence of tuberculosis: what have we learnt from molecular epidemiology? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(10):889–901. 11. Delogu G, Sali M, Fadda G. The biology of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2013;5(1):e2013070. 12. Sohail M. Tuberculosis: A re-emerging enemy. J Mol Genet Med. 2006;2(1):87–88. 13. World Health Organization Report. Global Tuberculosis Control, Surveillance, Planning, Financing, W.H.O. /HTM/TB/2005. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. Available from: http://library.cphs.chula.ac.th/ Ebooks/AnnualReport/TB/TB2005.pdf. Accessed March 04, 2016. 14. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. Fact Sheet No. 194. Updated 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/. Accessed November 10, 2015. 15. Bisht R, Katiyar A, Singh R, Mittal P. Antibiotic resistance – a global issue of concern. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2009;2(2):1043–1049. 16. Roger FG, Greenwood D, Norbby SR, Whitley RJ. Antibiotic and Chemotherapy, The Problem of Resistance. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:25–47. 17. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281. 18. Levy SB. Factors impacting on the problem of antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49(1):25–30. 19. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, Antimicrobial Drugs: General Consideration. 5th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brother’s Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2003:627–640. 20. Cole EC, Addison RM, Rubino JR, et al. Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95(4):664–676. 21. Barker KF. Antibiotic resistance: a current perspective. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48(2):109–124. 22. Houang ET, Greenwood D. Aminoglycoside cross-resistance patterns of gentamicin-resistant bacteria. J Clin Pathol. 1977;30(8):738–744. 23. Cars O, Mölstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet. 2001;357(9271):1851–1853. 24. Llor C, Bjerrum L. Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014;5(6):229–241. 25. Levy SB. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Sci Am. 1998;278(3): 46–53. 26. Wise R, Hart T, Cars O, et al. Antimicrobial resistance. Is a major threat to public health. BMJ. 1998;317(7159):609–610. 27. Richards J. Emergence & spread of multiresistant organisms: can infection control measures help? Int J Infect Control. 2009;v5:i2. 28. Harrison PF, Lederberg J, editors. Antimicrobial Resistance: Issues and Options. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998. 29. Levy SB. The Antibiotic Paradox. How Miracle Drugs Are Destroying the Miracle. New York: Plenum Publishing; 2002. 30. Levy SB. Antibiotic resistance: an ecological imbalance. In: Chadwick D, Goode J, editors. Antibiotic Resistance: Origins, Evolution, Selection and Spread. Chichester: Wiley (Ciba Foundation Symposium 207); 1997:1–14. 31. Cars O, Hedin A, Heddini A. The global need for effective antibiotics – moving towards concerted action. Drug Resist Updat. 2011;14:68–69. 32. Lenski RE. Bacterial evolution and the cost of antibiotic resistance. Int Microbiol. 1998;1(4):265–270. 33. van der Bij AK, Pitout JD. The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(9):2090–2100. 34. Johnson AP, Woodford N. Global spread of antibiotic resistance: the example of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-mediated carbapenem resistance. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:499–513. 35. Brandt C, Makarewicz O, Fischer T, et al. The bigger picture: the history of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance displayed by scientometric data. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44(5):424–430. 36. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States; 2013. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 37. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance Global Report on Surveillance 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112642/1/9789241564 748_eng.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 38. Hasan R, Jabeen K, Mehraj V, et al. Trends in Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance, Pakistan, 1990–2007. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(6): e377–e382. 39. Carlet J, Jarlier V, Harbarth S, Voss A, Goossens H, Pittet D; Participants of the 3rd World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum. Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1(1):11. 40. Lim VK, Cheong YM, Suleiman AB. Pattern of antibiotic usage in hospitals in Malaysia. Singapore Med J. 1993;34(6):525–528. 41. Cheong YM, Lim VK, Jegathesan M, Suleiman AB. Antimicrobial resistance in 6 Malaysian general hospitals. Med J Malaysia. 1994;49(4): 317–326. 42. Norazah A, Lim VKE, Munirah SN, Kamel AGM. Staphylococcus aureus carriage in selected communities and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:255–261. 43. Lee WS, Puthucheary SD. Species distribution and antibiotic resistance of Shigella isolates in an urban community in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:262–267. 44. Teng CL, Nurjahan MI, Hashim NA, Punithambigai P, Leong KC, Mihat Ob. Upper respiratory tract infections: To what extent is the management evidence based? Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:159–166. 45. Lim VKE. Antibiotic resistance in the community. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58(2):156–158. 46. Teng CL, Leong KC, Aljunid SM, Cheah M. Antibiotic prescription in upper respiratory tract infections. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2004;3(1–2):38–45. 47. Teng CL, Tong SF, Khoo EM, et al. Antibiotics for URTI and UTI – prescribing in Malaysian primary care settings. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(5):325–329. 48. Kho BP, Ong CM, Tan FT, Wee CY. Antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in Sarawak district hospitals. Med J Malaysia. 2013;68(2):136–140. 49. Chan GC, Tang SF. Parental knowledge, attitudes and antibiotic use for acute upper respiratory tract infection in children attending a primary healthcare clinic in Malaysia. Singapore Med J. 2006;47(4):266–270. 50. Ling Oh A, Hassali MA, Al-Haddad MS, Syed Sulaiman SA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A. Public knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic usage: a cross-sectional study among the general public in the state of Penang, Malaysia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011;5(5):338–347. 51. Lim KK, Teh CC. A cross-sectional study of public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotics in Putrajaya, Malaysia. South Med Rev. 2012;5(2):26–33. 52. Islahudin F, Tamezi AMA, Shah NM. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about antibiotic use among the general public in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2014:45(6): 1474–1482. 53. Lim V. Antibiotic Stewardship. IeJSME. 2012:6(Suppl 1):S75–S79. 54. World Health Organization. The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: Options for Action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44812/ 1/9789241503181_eng.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 55. Wright EP, Jain P. Survey of antibiotic knowledge amongst final year medical students. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:550–551. 56. Humphreys H, Dillane T, O’Connell B, Luke LC. Survey of recent medical graduates’ knowledge and understanding of the treatment and prevention of infection. Ir Med J. 2006;99:58–59. 57. Abbo LM, Cosgrove SE, Pottinger PS, et al. Medical students’ perceptions and knowledge about antimicrobial stewardship: how are we educating our future prescribers? Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:631–638. 58. Kamulegeya A, Kizito AN, Balidawa H. Ugandan medical and health sciences interns’ infection control knowledge and practices. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7(10):726–733. 59. Jorak A, Keihanian F, Saeidinia A, Heidarzadeh A, Saeidinia F. A crosssectional study on knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students toward antibiotic resistance and its prescription, Iran. Adv Environ Biol. 2014;8(17):675–681. 60. Harakeh S, Almatrafi M, Ungapen H, et al. Perceptions of medical students towards antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2015;2:e000078. 61. Suaifan GARY, Shehadeh M, Darwish DA, Al-Ijel H, Yousef Al-M M, Darwish RM. A cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and behavior related to antibiotic use and resistance among medical and non-medical university students in Jordan. Afr J Phar Pharmacol. 2012; 6(10):763–770. 62. Thriemer K, Katuala Y, Batoko B, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in DR Congo: A knowledge, attitude, and practice survey among medical doctors and students. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55495. 63. Huang Y, Gu J, Zhang M, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotics: a questionnaire study among 2500 Chinese students. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13:163. 64. Kållberg C. Medical Students’ Views on the Current and Future Antibiotic Resistance Situation. Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. Available: http://www.reactgroup.org/uploads/react/ resources/260/Medical%20students%E2%80%99%20views%20on%20 the%20current%20and%20future%20antibiotic%20resistance%20 situation.en.319.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 65. Dyar OJ, Pulcini C, Howard P, Nathwani D; ESGAP (ESCMID Study Group for Antibiotic Policies). European medical students: a first multicentre study of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(3):842–846. 66. Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance – the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(12):1057–1098. 67. World Health Organization. Managing for rational medicine use. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012, Chapter 27. Available from: http://apps. who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19604en/s19604en.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 68. World Health Organization. Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/policyperspectives/ ppm05en.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 69. Orme M, Frolich J, Vrhovac B; Education Sub-Committee of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Towards a core curriculum in clinical pharmacology for undergraduate medical students in Europe. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;58:635–640. 70. Jamshed SQ, Elkalmi R, Rajiah K, et al. Understanding of antibiotic use and resistance among final-year pharmacy and medical students: a pilot study. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(6):780–785. 71. Rahman NI, Aziz AA, Zulkifli Z, et al. Perceptions of students in different phases of medical education of the educational environment: Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2015;6:211–222. 72. Ismail S, Salam A, Alattraqchi AG, et al. Evaluation of doctors’ performance as facilitators in basic medical science lecture classes in a new Malaysian medical school. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2015;6:231–237. 73. Malaysian Qualifications Agency. Code of Practice for Program Accreditation. 2nd ed. Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 2008. 74. Malaysian Qualifications Agency. Code of Practice for Institutional Audit. 1st ed. Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 2008. 75. Salam A, Yousuf R, Islam MZ, et al. Professionalism of future medical professionals in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2013;8:124–130. 76. Salam A, Haque M, Islam MZ, et al. Comparative study of professionalism of future medical professionals among three private medical colleges of Bangladesh. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2013;6(3):170–179. 77. Salam A, Haque M, Helali AM, et al. Comparative study on professionalism of forthcoming medical doctors between two private medical colleges in Savar, Bangladesh. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;59 (Suppl 3):659–665. 78. Islam MZ, Salam A, Helali AM, et al. Comparative study of professionalism of future medical doctors between Malaysia and Bangladesh. J App Pharm Sci. 2014;4(4):66–71. 79. ECDC/EMEA Joint Technical Report. The Bacterial Challenge: Time to React; 2009. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/ Publications/0909_TER_The_Bacterial_Challenge_Time_to_ React.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 80. World Health Organization. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000–2011. Global Health Estimates Technical Paper WHO/HIS/HSI/GHE/2013.4. WHO, Geneva; 2013. Accessed November 10, 2015. 81. Kongsved SM, Basnov M, Holm-Christensen K, Hjollund NH. Response rate and completeness of questionnaires: a randomized study of Internet versus paper-and-pencil versions. J Med Internet Res. 2007; 9(3):e25. 82. Chen MK, Chevalier JA. Are women overinvesting in education? Evidence from the medical profession. J Hum Cap. 2012;6(2):124–149. 83. BBC. Women docs “weakening” medicine. 2004. Available from: http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3527184.stm. Accessed November 10, 2015. 84. Elston MA. Women and medicine: the future. Royal College of Physicians; 2009. Available from: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/ default/files/documents/women-and-medicine-future-full-report.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 85. Pulcini C, Williams F, Molinari N, Davey P, Nathwani D. Junior doctors’ knowledge and perceptions of antibiotic resistance and prescribing: a survey in France and Scotland. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(1):80–87. 86. Aggarwal S, Mathew J, Singh H, Sharma V. Attitude, and perception of junior resident doctors’ regarding antibiotic resistance – a pilot study. J Acute Dis. 2014;3(1):6–9. 87. Hoque R, Mostafa A, Haque M. Intern doctors’ views on the current and future antibiotic resistance situation of Chattagram Maa O Shishu Hospital Medical College, Bangladesh. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015; 11:1177–1185. 88. Abera B, Kibret M, Mulu W. Knowledge and beliefs on antimicrobial resistance among physicians and nurses in hospitals in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15(1):26. 89. Sutradhar KB, Saha A, Huda NH, Uddin R. Irrational use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in Southern Rural Bangladesh: perspectives from both the physicians and patients. Annu Res Rev Biol. 2014;4(9): 1421–1430. 90. Navarro-San Francisco C, Del Toro MD, Cobo J, et al. Knowledge and perceptions of junior and senior Spanish resident doctors about antibiotic use and resistance: results of a multicenter survey. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2013;31(4):199–204. 91. SARI Infection Control Subcommittee. Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Irish Health Care Settings. Published on behalf of SARI by HSE, Health Protection Surveillance Centre. SARI Infection Control Subcommittee; 2004:1–51. Available from: https://www.hpsc.ie/A-Z/Gastroenteric/ Handwashing/Publications/File,1047,en.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 92. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/ IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51:1–45, quiz CE1–E4. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116 pdf. Accessed March 04, 2016. 93. Sierles FS, Brodkey AC, Cleary LM, et al. Medical students’ exposure to and attitudes about drug company interactions: a national survey. JAMA. 2005;294(9):1034–1042.
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12906 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=12906 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 Restricted Document Article Journal application/pdf Adobe Acrobat Pro DC 20 Paper Capture Plug-in with ClearScan 16 1.6 Haque et al 2024-08-27 15:25:22 Antibiotic prescribing and resistance . Antibiotic prescribing and resistance . 7213-01-FH02-FP-16-05617.pdf UniSZA Private Access Antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management The innovation of penicillin by Dr Alexander Fleming in 1928 and its use in clinical practice saved many lives, especially during the Second World War. Tuberculosis still carries a significant public health threat and has re-emerged over the past two decades, even in modern countries where tuberculosis was thought to be eliminated. The World Health Organization defines antimicrobial resistance as the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug that was initially effective for treatment of infections caused by the microbe. Therefore, the findings of the current study will provide data to enable the design of a new educational program to better equip our students in confronting antimicrobial resistance. This study was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey, which was undertaken in the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. The study participants were students of the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program (MBBS) of Year III, IV, and V. A total of 142 out of 164 (86%) medical students returned the questionnaire. Specifically, the year-wise breakdown of responses was 29% (41), 39% (55), and 32% (45) for Year III, IV, and V, respectively. Among the study respondents, 28% (40) were male, and the remaining 72% (102) were female. In all, 67% of the participants felt more confident in “making an accurate diagnosis of infection/ sepsis.” The majority (88%) of the study participants stated that they would like more training on antibiotic selection. This research has found that there is a gap between theoretical input and clinical practice; the students are demanding more educational intervention to face the threat of antimicrobial resistance. 12 Dove Medical Press Ltd. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 413-426 1. Clardy J, Fischbach MA, Currie CR. The natural history of antibiotics. Curr Biol. 2009;19(11):R437–R441. 2. American Chemical Society. The Discovery and Development of Penicillin 1928–1948. International Historic Chemical Landmark. Washington, DC: ACS; 1999. Available from: http://www.acs. org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ flemingpenicillin/the-discovery-and-development-of-penicillincommemorative-booklet.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 3. Diggins F. The true history of the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. Biomed Sci. 2003;246–249. 4. Peláez F. The historical delivery of antibiotics from microbial natural products – can history repeat? Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;71(7): 981–990. 5. Saga T, Yamaguchi K. History of antimicrobial agents and resistant bacteria. JMAJ. 2009;52(2):103–108. 6. Bassett EJ, Keith MS, Armelagos GJ, Martin DL, Villanueva AR. Tetracycline-labeled human bone from ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350). Science. 1980;209:1532–1534. 7. Nelson ML, Dinardo A, Hochberg J, Armelagos GJ. Brief communication: mass spectroscopic characterization of tetracycline in the skeletal remains of an ancient population from Sudanese Nubia 350–550 CE. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;143:151–154. 8. Cook M, Molto E, Anderson C. Fluorochrome labelling in Roman period skeletons from Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1989;80: 137–143. 9. Armelagos GJ. Disease in ancient Nubia. Science. 1969;163:225–258. 10. Borgdorff MW, van Soolingen D. The re-emergence of tuberculosis: what have we learnt from molecular epidemiology? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(10):889–901. 11. Delogu G, Sali M, Fadda G. The biology of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2013;5(1):e2013070. 12. Sohail M. Tuberculosis: A re-emerging enemy. J Mol Genet Med. 2006;2(1):87–88. 13. World Health Organization Report. Global Tuberculosis Control, Surveillance, Planning, Financing, W.H.O. /HTM/TB/2005. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. Available from: http://library.cphs.chula.ac.th/ Ebooks/AnnualReport/TB/TB2005.pdf. Accessed March 04, 2016. 14. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. Fact Sheet No. 194. Updated 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/. Accessed November 10, 2015. 15. Bisht R, Katiyar A, Singh R, Mittal P. Antibiotic resistance – a global issue of concern. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2009;2(2):1043–1049. 16. Roger FG, Greenwood D, Norbby SR, Whitley RJ. Antibiotic and Chemotherapy, The Problem of Resistance. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:25–47. 17. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281. 18. Levy SB. Factors impacting on the problem of antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49(1):25–30. 19. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, Antimicrobial Drugs: General Consideration. 5th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brother’s Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2003:627–640. 20. Cole EC, Addison RM, Rubino JR, et al. Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95(4):664–676. 21. Barker KF. Antibiotic resistance: a current perspective. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48(2):109–124. 22. Houang ET, Greenwood D. Aminoglycoside cross-resistance patterns of gentamicin-resistant bacteria. J Clin Pathol. 1977;30(8):738–744. 23. Cars O, Mölstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet. 2001;357(9271):1851–1853. 24. Llor C, Bjerrum L. Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014;5(6):229–241. 25. Levy SB. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Sci Am. 1998;278(3): 46–53. 26. Wise R, Hart T, Cars O, et al. Antimicrobial resistance. Is a major threat to public health. BMJ. 1998;317(7159):609–610. 27. Richards J. Emergence & spread of multiresistant organisms: can infection control measures help? Int J Infect Control. 2009;v5:i2. 28. Harrison PF, Lederberg J, editors. Antimicrobial Resistance: Issues and Options. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998. 29. Levy SB. The Antibiotic Paradox. How Miracle Drugs Are Destroying the Miracle. New York: Plenum Publishing; 2002. 30. Levy SB. Antibiotic resistance: an ecological imbalance. In: Chadwick D, Goode J, editors. Antibiotic Resistance: Origins, Evolution, Selection and Spread. Chichester: Wiley (Ciba Foundation Symposium 207); 1997:1–14. 31. Cars O, Hedin A, Heddini A. The global need for effective antibiotics – moving towards concerted action. Drug Resist Updat. 2011;14:68–69. 32. Lenski RE. Bacterial evolution and the cost of antibiotic resistance. Int Microbiol. 1998;1(4):265–270. 33. van der Bij AK, Pitout JD. The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(9):2090–2100. 34. Johnson AP, Woodford N. Global spread of antibiotic resistance: the example of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-mediated carbapenem resistance. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:499–513. 35. Brandt C, Makarewicz O, Fischer T, et al. The bigger picture: the history of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance displayed by scientometric data. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44(5):424–430. 36. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States; 2013. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 37. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance Global Report on Surveillance 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112642/1/9789241564 748_eng.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2015. 38. Hasan R, Jabeen K, Mehraj V, et al. Trends in Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance, Pakistan, 1990–2007. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(6): e377–e382. 39. Carlet J, Jarlier V, Harbarth S, Voss A, Goossens H, Pittet D; Participants of the 3rd World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum. Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1(1):11. 40. Lim VK, Cheong YM, Suleiman AB. Pattern of antibiotic usage in hospitals in Malaysia. Singapore Med J. 1993;34(6):525–528. 41. Cheong YM, Lim VK, Jegathesan M, Suleiman AB. Antimicrobial resistance in 6 Malaysian general hospitals. Med J Malaysia. 1994;49(4): 317–326. 42. Norazah A, Lim VKE, Munirah SN, Kamel AGM. Staphylococcus aureus carriage in selected communities and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:255–261. 43. Lee WS, Puthucheary SD. Species distribution and antibiotic resistance of Shigella isolates in an urban community in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:262–267. 44. Teng CL, Nurjahan MI, Hashim NA, Punithambigai P, Leong KC, Mihat Ob. Upper respiratory tract infections: To what extent is the management evidence based? Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:159–166. 45. Lim VKE. Antibiotic resistance in the community. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58(2):156–158. 46. Teng CL, Leong KC, Aljunid SM, Cheah M. Antibiotic prescription in upper respiratory tract infections. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2004;3(1–2):38–45. 47. Teng CL, Tong SF, Khoo EM, et al. Antibiotics for URTI and UTI – prescribing in Malaysian primary care settings. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(5):325–329. 48. Kho BP, Ong CM, Tan FT, Wee CY. Antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in Sarawak district hospitals. Med J Malaysia. 2013;68(2):136–140. 49. Chan GC, Tang SF. Parental knowledge, attitudes and antibiotic use for acute upper respiratory tract infection in children attending a primary healthcare clinic in Malaysia. Singapore Med J. 2006;47(4):266–270. 50. Ling Oh A, Hassali MA, Al-Haddad MS, Syed Sulaiman SA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A. Public knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic usage: a cross-sectional study among the general public in the state of Penang, Malaysia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011;5(5):338–347. 51. Lim KK, Teh CC. 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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance .
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The innovation of penicillin by Dr Alexander Fleming in 1928 and its use in clinical practice saved many lives, especially during the Second World War. Tuberculosis still carries a significant public health threat and has re-emerged over the past two decades, even in modern countries where tuberculosis was thought to be eliminated. The World Health Organization defines antimicrobial resistance as the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug that was initially effective for treatment of infections caused by the microbe. Therefore, the findings of the current study will provide data to enable the design of a new educational program to better equip our students in confronting antimicrobial resistance. This study was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey, which was undertaken in the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. The study participants were students of the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program (MBBS) of Year III, IV, and V. A total of 142 out of 164 (86%) medical students returned the questionnaire. Specifically, the year-wise breakdown of responses was 29% (41), 39% (55), and 32% (45) for Year III, IV, and V, respectively. Among the study respondents, 28% (40) were male, and the remaining 72% (102) were female. In all, 67% of the participants felt more confident in “making an accurate diagnosis of infection/ sepsis.” The majority (88%) of the study participants stated that they would like more training on antibiotic selection. This research has found that there is a gap between theoretical input and clinical practice; the students are demanding more educational intervention to face the threat of antimicrobial resistance.
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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
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Antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
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antibiotic prescribing and resistance: knowledge level of medical students of clinical years of university sultan zainal abidin, malaysia
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