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12880
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1. Martinez JP, Gil ML, Lopez-Ribot JL, Chaffin WL. Serologic responses to cell wall mannoproteins and proteins from Candida albicans. Clin Microbial Rev. 1998;11:121e141. 2. Nucci M. Prevention and treatment of nosocomial candidiasis. Int J Infec Dis. 2010;12. Article ID e118 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1525. 3. Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J. The distinct morphogenic states of C. albicans. Trends Microbiol. 2004;11:317e324. 4. Runyoro DKB, Ngassapa OD, Matee MIN, Joseph CC, Moshi MJ. Medicinal plants used by Tanzanian traditional healers in the management of Candida infections. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106:158e165. 5. Viegas JRC, Bolzani VS, Furlan M, et al. Further bioactive piperidine alkaloids from the flowers and green fruits of Cassia spectabilis. J Nat Prod. 2004;67: 908e910. 6. Lorenzi H, Matos FJA. Plantas Medicinais do Brasil Nativas e Ex oticas. Nova Odessa. Brazil: Instituto Plantarum; 2002:291. 7. Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S. Fungicidal effect and oral acute toxicity of Cassia spectabilis leaf extract. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2008;49: 299e304. 8. Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of Cassia spectabilis. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2008;1:17e20. 9. Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S. Free radical scavenging activity of Cassia spectabilis and Cassia fistula. Int J Nat Eng Sci. 2008;2:111e114. 10. Torey A, Sasidharan S. Anti-Candida albicans bioifilm activity by Cassia spec- tabilis standardized methanol extract: an ultrastructural study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15:875e882. 11. Torey A, Sasidharan S, Yeng C, Latha LY. Standardization of Cassia spectabilis with respect to authenticity, assay and chemical constituent analysis. Mole- cules. 2010;15:3411e3420. 12. Hart CP. Finding the target after screening the phenotype. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10:513e519. 13. Stratton CW. Mechanisms of activity and resistance for fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Infect Dis News. 1995;14:69e72. 14. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: appli- cation to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Meth. 1983;65:55e63. 15. Kavitha N, Noordin R, Chan KL, Sasidharan S. Cytotoxicity activity of root extract/fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack root against vero and Hs27cells. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4:2383e2387. 16. Polacheck I, Levy M, Guizie M, Zehavi U, Naim M, Evron R. Mode of action of the antimycotic agent G2 isolated from alfalfa roots. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1991;275: 504e512. 17. Pitarch A, Nombela C, Gil C. Cell wall fractionation for yeast and fungal pro- teomics. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;425:217e239. 18. Bramono K, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. A carbohydrate-degrading enzyme from Candida albicans: correlation between alpha-glucosidase activity and fungal growth. Mycoses. 1995;38:349e353. 19. Patel M, Gulube Z, Dutton M. The effect of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia on Candida albicans proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to oral epithelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124:562e565. 20. Sugita T, Kurosaka S, Yajitate M, Sato H, Nishikawa A. Extracellular proteinase and phospholipase activity of three genotypic strains of a human pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. Oral Microbiol Immun. 2002;46:881e883. 21. Vijayarathna S, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Latha LY, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. The antimicrobial efficacy of Elaeis guineensis: characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules. 2012;17:4860e4877. 22. Shepherd MG. Cell envelope of Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1987;15: 7e25. 23. Zirihi GN, Mambu L, Guede-Guina F, Bodo B, Grellier P. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of 33 West African plants used for treatment of ma- laria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98:281e285. 24. Sasidharan S, Darah I, Jain K. In vivo and In vitro toxicity study of Gracilaria changii. Pharm Bio. 2008;46:413e417. 25. Ekwall B. Screening of toxic compounds in mammalian cell cultures. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci. 1983;407:64e77. 26. Ekwall B, Silano V, Paganuzzi-Stammati A, Zucco F. Toxicity tests with mammalian cell cultures. In: Bourdeau P, Somers E, Richardson GM, Hickman JR, eds. Short-Term Toxicity Tests for Non-Genotoxic Effects. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1990:75e97. 27. Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia occidentalis L (leaf) against various human pathogenic microbes. Life Sci Med Res. 2010;9: 1e12. 28. Groll AH, Shah PM, Mentzel C, Schneider M, Just-Nuebling G, Huebner K. Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital. J Infect. 1996;33:23e32. 29. Oehlschlager AC, Czyzewska E. Rationally designed inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis. In: Sutcliffe J, Georgopapadakou NH, eds. Emerging Targets in Antibacterial and Antifungal Chemotherapy. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall; 1992:437e475. 30. Georgopapadakou NH, Tkacz JS. The fungal cell wall as a drug target. Trends Microbiol. 1999;3:98e104. 31. Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL, et al. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J Appl Microbiol. 2000;88: 170e175. 32. Wei MK, Wu QP, Huang Q, Wu JL, Zhang JM. Plasma membrane damage to Candida albicans caused by chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Lett Appl Microbiol. 2008;47:67e73. 33. Sionov E, Roth D, Sandovsky-Losica H, et al. Antifungal effect and possible mode of activity of a compound from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. J Infect. 2005;50:453e460. 34. Kulakovskaya TV, Kulakovskaya EV, Golubev WI. ATP leakage from yeast cells treated by extracellular glycolipids of Pseudozyma fusiformata. FEMS Yeast Res. 2003;3:401e404. 35. Nagarsekar KS, Nagarsenker MS, Kulkarni SR. Evaluation of composition and antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extract of leaves of Vitex negundo. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72:641e643. 36. Cassone A. Cell wall of Candida albicans: its functions and its impact on the host. Curr Top Med Mycol. 1989;3:248e314. 37. Chauhan N, Li D, Singh P, Calderone R, Kruppa M. The cell wall of Candida spp. In: Calderone RA, ed. Candida and Candidiasis. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2002:159e175. 38. Chaffin WL, Lopez-Ribot JL, Casanova M, Gozalbo D, Martinez JP. Cell wall and secreted proteins of Candida albicans: identification, function, and expression. Microbiol Mol Biol R. 1998;62:130e180. 39. Kapteyn JC, Van Den Ende H, Kli FM. The contribution of cell wall proteins to the organization of the yeast cell wall. Biochim Biophys. 1999;1426:373e383. 40. Teparic R, Stuparevic I, Mrsa V. Increased mortality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall protein mutants. Microbiology. 2004;150:3145e3150. 41. Ellepola A, Morriso CJ. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. J Microbiol. 2005;43:65e84. 42. Pfaller MA. Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Mycopa- thology. 1992;120:65e72. 43. Mahmoud YA, Aly MM. Anti-Candida and mode of action of two newly syn- thesized polymers: a modified poly (methyl methacrylate-co- vinylbenzoylchloride) and a modified linear poly (chloroethylvinylether-co- vinylbenzoylchloride) with special reference to Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Mycopathology. 2004;157:145e153. 44. Bramono K, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Comparison of proteinase, lipase and alpha- glucosidase activities from the clinical isolates of Candida species. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006;59:73e76. 45. Fekete Forg acs K, Jeney A, Varga G, Lenkey B. Investigation of glucosidase as a potential virulence factor of Candida albicans. J Basic Microbiol. 2000;40:105e110. 46. Cutler JE. Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1991;45:187e218. 47. Cassone A, Debernardis F, Mondello F, Ceddia T, Agatensi L. Evidence for a correlation between proteinase secretion and vulvo-vaginal vandidosis. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:777e783. 48. Schreiber B, Lyman CA, Gurevich J, Needham CA. Proteolytic activity of Candida albicans and other yeasts. Diagn Microbial Infec Dis. 1985;3:1e5. 49. Edison A, Manning-Zweerink M. Comparison of the extracellular proteinase activity produced by a low-virulence mutant of Candida albicans and its wild- type parent. Infect Immun. 1988;56:1388e1390. 50. Dubois N, Colina AR, Aumont F, Belhumeur P, de Repentigny L. Overexpression of Candida albicans secretory aspartyl proteinase 2 and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae do not augment virulence in mice. Microbiology. 1998;144:2299e2310. 51. LaFleur MD, Kumamoto CA, Lewis K. Candida albicans biofilms produce antifungal-tolerant persister cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50: 3839e3846. 52. Jain N, Kohli R, Cook E, Gialanella P, Chang T, Fries BC. Biofilm formation by and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from urine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:1697e1703. 53. Meyer B. Approaches to prevention, removal and killing of biofilms. Int Biodeter Biodegr. 2003;51:249e253.
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norman
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12880 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=12880 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 Restricted Document Article Journal image/jpeg inches 96 96 norman 1418 41 41 732 2016-03-08 11:04:57 1418x732 7187-01-FH02-FP-16-05420.jpg UniSZA Private Access Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Candida albicans has become resistant to the commercially available, toxic, and expensive anti-Candida agents that are on the market. These factors force the search for new antifungal agents from natural resources. Cassia spectabilis had been traditionally employed by healers for many generations. The possible mechanisms of the C. spectabilis leaf extract were determined by potassium leakage study and the effect of the extract on the constituents of the cell wall and enzymes as well as the morphological changes on C. albicans cells were studied along with cytotoxicity assays. The cytotoxicity result indicated that the extract is nontoxic as was clearly substantiated by a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 59.10 μg/mL. The treated cells (C. spectabilis extract) demonstrated potassium leakage of 1039 parts per million (ppm) compared to Amphotericin B (AmpB)-treated cells with a released potassium value of 1115 ppm. The effects of the extract on the cell wall proteins illustrated that there were three major types of variations in the expression of treated cell wall proteins: the presence of new proteins, the absence of proteins, and the amount of expressed protein. The activities of two enzymes, α-glucosidase and proteinase, were determined to be significantly high, thereby not fully coinciding with the properties of the antifungal reaction triggered by C. spectabilis. The morphology of C. albicans cells treated with the C. spectabilis extract showed that the cells had abnormalities and were damaged or detached within the microcolonies. Our study verifies C. spectabilis leaf extract as an effective anti-C. albicans agent. 6 1 National Taiwan University National Taiwan University 97-104 1. Martinez JP, Gil ML, Lopez-Ribot JL, Chaffin WL. Serologic responses to cell wall mannoproteins and proteins from Candida albicans. Clin Microbial Rev. 1998;11:121e141. 2. Nucci M. Prevention and treatment of nosocomial candidiasis. Int J Infec Dis. 2010;12. Article ID e118 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1525. 3. Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J. The distinct morphogenic states of C. albicans. Trends Microbiol. 2004;11:317e324. 4. Runyoro DKB, Ngassapa OD, Matee MIN, Joseph CC, Moshi MJ. Medicinal plants used by Tanzanian traditional healers in the management of Candida infections. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106:158e165. 5. Viegas JRC, Bolzani VS, Furlan M, et al. Further bioactive piperidine alkaloids from the flowers and green fruits of Cassia spectabilis. J Nat Prod. 2004;67: 908e910. 6. Lorenzi H, Matos FJA. Plantas Medicinais do Brasil Nativas e Ex oticas. Nova Odessa. Brazil: Instituto Plantarum; 2002:291. 7. Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S. Fungicidal effect and oral acute toxicity of Cassia spectabilis leaf extract. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2008;49: 299e304. 8. Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of Cassia spectabilis. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2008;1:17e20. 9. Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S. Free radical scavenging activity of Cassia spectabilis and Cassia fistula. Int J Nat Eng Sci. 2008;2:111e114. 10. Torey A, Sasidharan S. Anti-Candida albicans bioifilm activity by Cassia spec- tabilis standardized methanol extract: an ultrastructural study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15:875e882. 11. Torey A, Sasidharan S, Yeng C, Latha LY. Standardization of Cassia spectabilis with respect to authenticity, assay and chemical constituent analysis. Mole- cules. 2010;15:3411e3420. 12. Hart CP. Finding the target after screening the phenotype. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10:513e519. 13. Stratton CW. Mechanisms of activity and resistance for fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Infect Dis News. 1995;14:69e72. 14. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: appli- cation to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Meth. 1983;65:55e63. 15. Kavitha N, Noordin R, Chan KL, Sasidharan S. Cytotoxicity activity of root extract/fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack root against vero and Hs27cells. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4:2383e2387. 16. Polacheck I, Levy M, Guizie M, Zehavi U, Naim M, Evron R. Mode of action of the antimycotic agent G2 isolated from alfalfa roots. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1991;275: 504e512. 17. Pitarch A, Nombela C, Gil C. Cell wall fractionation for yeast and fungal pro- teomics. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;425:217e239. 18. Bramono K, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. A carbohydrate-degrading enzyme from Candida albicans: correlation between alpha-glucosidase activity and fungal growth. Mycoses. 1995;38:349e353. 19. Patel M, Gulube Z, Dutton M. The effect of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia on Candida albicans proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to oral epithelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124:562e565. 20. Sugita T, Kurosaka S, Yajitate M, Sato H, Nishikawa A. Extracellular proteinase and phospholipase activity of three genotypic strains of a human pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. Oral Microbiol Immun. 2002;46:881e883. 21. Vijayarathna S, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Latha LY, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. The antimicrobial efficacy of Elaeis guineensis: characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules. 2012;17:4860e4877. 22. Shepherd MG. Cell envelope of Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1987;15: 7e25. 23. Zirihi GN, Mambu L, Guede-Guina F, Bodo B, Grellier P. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of 33 West African plants used for treatment of ma- laria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98:281e285. 24. Sasidharan S, Darah I, Jain K. In vivo and In vitro toxicity study of Gracilaria changii. Pharm Bio. 2008;46:413e417. 25. Ekwall B. Screening of toxic compounds in mammalian cell cultures. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci. 1983;407:64e77. 26. Ekwall B, Silano V, Paganuzzi-Stammati A, Zucco F. Toxicity tests with mammalian cell cultures. In: Bourdeau P, Somers E, Richardson GM, Hickman JR, eds. Short-Term Toxicity Tests for Non-Genotoxic Effects. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1990:75e97. 27. Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia occidentalis L (leaf) against various human pathogenic microbes. Life Sci Med Res. 2010;9: 1e12. 28. Groll AH, Shah PM, Mentzel C, Schneider M, Just-Nuebling G, Huebner K. Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital. J Infect. 1996;33:23e32. 29. Oehlschlager AC, Czyzewska E. Rationally designed inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis. In: Sutcliffe J, Georgopapadakou NH, eds. Emerging Targets in Antibacterial and Antifungal Chemotherapy. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall; 1992:437e475. 30. Georgopapadakou NH, Tkacz JS. The fungal cell wall as a drug target. Trends Microbiol. 1999;3:98e104. 31. Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL, et al. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J Appl Microbiol. 2000;88: 170e175. 32. Wei MK, Wu QP, Huang Q, Wu JL, Zhang JM. Plasma membrane damage to Candida albicans caused by chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Lett Appl Microbiol. 2008;47:67e73. 33. Sionov E, Roth D, Sandovsky-Losica H, et al. Antifungal effect and possible mode of activity of a compound from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. J Infect. 2005;50:453e460. 34. Kulakovskaya TV, Kulakovskaya EV, Golubev WI. ATP leakage from yeast cells treated by extracellular glycolipids of Pseudozyma fusiformata. FEMS Yeast Res. 2003;3:401e404. 35. Nagarsekar KS, Nagarsenker MS, Kulkarni SR. Evaluation of composition and antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extract of leaves of Vitex negundo. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72:641e643. 36. Cassone A. Cell wall of Candida albicans: its functions and its impact on the host. Curr Top Med Mycol. 1989;3:248e314. 37. Chauhan N, Li D, Singh P, Calderone R, Kruppa M. The cell wall of Candida spp. In: Calderone RA, ed. Candida and Candidiasis. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2002:159e175. 38. Chaffin WL, Lopez-Ribot JL, Casanova M, Gozalbo D, Martinez JP. Cell wall and secreted proteins of Candida albicans: identification, function, and expression. Microbiol Mol Biol R. 1998;62:130e180. 39. Kapteyn JC, Van Den Ende H, Kli FM. The contribution of cell wall proteins to the organization of the yeast cell wall. Biochim Biophys. 1999;1426:373e383. 40. Teparic R, Stuparevic I, Mrsa V. Increased mortality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall protein mutants. Microbiology. 2004;150:3145e3150. 41. Ellepola A, Morriso CJ. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. J Microbiol. 2005;43:65e84. 42. Pfaller MA. Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Mycopa- thology. 1992;120:65e72. 43. Mahmoud YA, Aly MM. Anti-Candida and mode of action of two newly syn- thesized polymers: a modified poly (methyl methacrylate-co- vinylbenzoylchloride) and a modified linear poly (chloroethylvinylether-co- vinylbenzoylchloride) with special reference to Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Mycopathology. 2004;157:145e153. 44. Bramono K, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Comparison of proteinase, lipase and alpha- glucosidase activities from the clinical isolates of Candida species. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006;59:73e76. 45. Fekete Forg acs K, Jeney A, Varga G, Lenkey B. Investigation of glucosidase as a potential virulence factor of Candida albicans. J Basic Microbiol. 2000;40:105e110. 46. Cutler JE. Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1991;45:187e218. 47. Cassone A, Debernardis F, Mondello F, Ceddia T, Agatensi L. Evidence for a correlation between proteinase secretion and vulvo-vaginal vandidosis. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:777e783. 48. Schreiber B, Lyman CA, Gurevich J, Needham CA. Proteolytic activity of Candida albicans and other yeasts. Diagn Microbial Infec Dis. 1985;3:1e5. 49. Edison A, Manning-Zweerink M. Comparison of the extracellular proteinase activity produced by a low-virulence mutant of Candida albicans and its wild- type parent. Infect Immun. 1988;56:1388e1390. 50. Dubois N, Colina AR, Aumont F, Belhumeur P, de Repentigny L. Overexpression of Candida albicans secretory aspartyl proteinase 2 and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae do not augment virulence in mice. Microbiology. 1998;144:2299e2310. 51. LaFleur MD, Kumamoto CA, Lewis K. Candida albicans biofilms produce antifungal-tolerant persister cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50: 3839e3846. 52. Jain N, Kohli R, Cook E, Gialanella P, Chang T, Fries BC. Biofilm formation by and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from urine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:1697e1703. 53. Meyer B. Approaches to prevention, removal and killing of biofilms. Int Biodeter Biodegr. 2003;51:249e253.
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Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis
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| summary |
Candida albicans has become resistant to the commercially available, toxic, and expensive anti-Candida agents that are on the market. These factors force the search for new antifungal agents from natural resources. Cassia spectabilis had been traditionally employed by healers for many generations. The possible mechanisms of the C. spectabilis leaf extract were determined by potassium leakage study and the effect of the extract on the constituents of the cell wall and enzymes as well as the morphological changes on C. albicans cells were studied along with cytotoxicity assays. The cytotoxicity result indicated that the extract is nontoxic as was clearly substantiated by a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 59.10 μg/mL. The treated cells (C. spectabilis extract) demonstrated potassium leakage of 1039 parts per million (ppm) compared to Amphotericin B (AmpB)-treated cells with a released potassium value of 1115 ppm. The effects of the extract on the cell wall proteins illustrated that there were three major types of variations in the expression of treated cell wall proteins: the presence of new proteins, the absence of proteins, and the amount of expressed protein. The activities of two enzymes, α-glucosidase and proteinase, were determined to be significantly high, thereby not fully coinciding with the properties of the antifungal reaction triggered by C. spectabilis. The morphology of C. albicans cells treated with the C. spectabilis extract showed that the cells had abnormalities and were damaged or detached within the microcolonies. Our study verifies C. spectabilis leaf extract as an effective anti-C. albicans agent.
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| title |
Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis
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| title_full |
Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis
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| title_fullStr |
Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis
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| title_full_unstemmed |
Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis
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| title_short |
Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis
|
| title_sort |
exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis
|