Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu
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| internalnotes | 1. Aarestrup, F. M., E. M. Nielsen, M. Madsen, and J. Engberg. 1997. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from humans, pigs, cattle, and broilers in Denmark. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:2244–2250. 2. Andersen, S. R., P. Saadbye, N. M. Shukri, H. Rosenquist, N. L. Nielsen, and J. Boel. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from raw poultry meat at retail level in Denmark. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 107:250–255. 3. Bae, W., K. N. Kaya, D. D. Hancock, R. Douglas, Y. H. Park, T. E. Besser, and D. R. Call. 2005. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from cattle farms in Washington State. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:169–174. 4. Bang, D. D., S. Flemming, P. Ahrens, K. Pedersen, J. Blom, and M. Madsen. 2001. Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes and CDT production in Campylobacter spp. isolated from Danish broilers. J. Med. Microbiol. 50:1087–1094. 5. Bang, D. D., E. M. Nielsen, F. Scheutz, K. Pedersen, K. Handberg, and M. Madsen. 2003. PCR detection of seven virulence and toxin genes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from Danish pigs and cattle and cytolethal distending toxin production of the isolates. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94:1003–1014. 6. Batz, M. B., S. Hoffman, and J. G. Morris. 2012. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J. Food Prot. 75:1278–1291. 7. Bean, N. H., and P. M. Griffith. 1990. Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973–1987: pathogens, vehicles, and trends. J. Food Prot. 53:804–817. 8. Beuchat, L. R. 1995. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 59:204–216. 9. Beuchat, L. R. 1998. Surface decontamination of fruits and vegetables eaten raw: a review. WHO/FSF/FOS/98.2. Food Safety Unit, World Health Organization Available at: http://www.who.int/ foodsafety/publications/fs_management/surfac_decon/en/. Accessed 21 January 2014. 10. Beuchat, L. R. 2002. Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Microbes Infect. 4:413–423. 11. Bilek, S. E., and F. Turantas. 2013. Decontamination efficiency of high power ultrasound in the fruit and vegetable industry, a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 166:155–162. 12. Black, R. E., M. M. Levine, M. L. Clements, T. P. Hughes, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 157:472–479. 13. Buck, J. W., R. R. Walcott, and L. R. Beuchat. 2003. Recent trends in microbiological safety of fruits and vegetables. Plant Management Network, American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Foodborne outbreak online database (FOOD). Available at: http://wwwn.cdc. gov/foodborneoutbreaks/Default.aspx. Accessed 12 October 2013. 15. Chai, L. C., A. B. Fatimah, F. M. Ghazali, H. Y. Lee, R. Tunung, A. T. Shamsinar, R. A. S. Laila, A. Z. Thahirahtul, P. M. Malakar, Y. Nakaguchi, M. Nishibuchi, and R. Son. 2008. Biosafety of Campylobacter jejuni from raw vegetables consumed as Ulam with reference to their resistance to antibiotics. Int. Food Res. J. 15:125– 134. 16. Chai, L. C., T. Robin, U. M. Ragavan, J. W. Gunsalam, F. A. Bakar, F. M. Ghazali, S. Radu, and M. P. Kumar. 2007. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in salad vegetables in Malaysia. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 117:106–111. 17. De Roever, C. 1998. Microbial safety evaluations and recommendations on fresh produce. Food Control 9:321–347. 18. DeWaal, C. S., and M. Glassman. 2014. Outbreak alert! 2014. A review of foodborne illness in America from 2002–2011. Center for Science and the Public Interest, Washington, DC. 19. Endzt, H. P., G. J. Ruijs, B. Van Klingeren, W. H. Jansen, T. Van Reyden, and R. P. Mouton. 1991. Quinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicines. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 27:199–208. 20. European Commission. 2002. Risk profile on the microbiological contamination of fruits and vegetables eaten raw. Available at: http:// ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out125_en.pdf. Accessed 15 September 2013. 21. Findik, A., T. Ica, E. E. Onuk, D. Percin, T. O. Kevenk, and A. Ciftci. 2011. Molecular typing and cdt genes prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from various sources. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 43: 711–719. 22. Francis, G. A., C. Thomas, and D. O’Beirne. 1999. The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetable. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 34:1–22. 23. Frieden, T. R. 2013. Meeting the challenge of drug-resistant diseases in developing countries. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/washington/ testimony/2013/t20130423.htm. Accessed 10 November 2013. 24. Friedman, C. R., J. Neimann, H. C. Wegener, and R. V. Tauxe. 2000. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infection in the United States and other industrialized nations, p. 121–138. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC. 25. Ge, B., D. G. White, P. F. McDermott, W. Girard, S. Zhao, S. Hubert, and J. Meng. 2003. Antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter species from retail raw meats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3005–3007. 26. Gupta, N., D. K. Khan, and S. C. Santra. 2009. Prevalence of intestinal helminth eggs on vegetable grown in wastewater-irrigated areas of Titagarh, West Bengal, India. Food Control 20:942–945. 27. Hamad, S. H., J. J. Al-Amer, and M. M. Al-Otaibi. 2013. Assessment of the microbiological quality and wash treatments of lettuce produced in Hotuf City, Saudi Arabia. Asian J. Plant Pathol. 7:84– 91. 28. Han, K., S. S. Jang, E. Choo, S. Heu, and S. Ryu. 2007. Prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni from retail raw chicken in Korea. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 114: 50–59. 29. Hanning, I. B., J. D. Nutt, and S. C. Ricke. 2009. Salmonellosis outbreaks in the United States due to fresh produce: sources and potential intervention measures. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6:635–648. 30. Johnson, W. M., and H. Lior. 1988. A new heat-labile cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) produced by Campylobacter spp. Microb. Pathog. 4:115–126. 31. Kassa, T., S. Gebre-Selassie, and D. Asrat. 2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermotolerant Campylobacter strains isolated from food animals in Ethiopia. Vet. Microbiol. 119:82–87. 32. Keener, K. M., M. P. Bashor, P. A. Curtis, B. W. Sheldon, and S. Kathariou. 2004. Comprehensive review of Campylobacter and poultry processing. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 3:105–116. 33. Luechtefeld, N. A. W., M. J. Blaser, L. B. Reller, and W. L. Wang. 1980. Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from migratory waterfowl. J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:406–408. 34. Mansor, P. 1988. Ulam-ulaman tradisional Malaysia. Teknol. Sayursayuran 4:1–5. 35. Martinez, I., E. Mateo, E. Churruca, C. Girbau, R. Alonso, and A. Fernandez-Astorga. 2006. Detection of cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC genes in Campylobacter jejuni by multiplex PCR. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296: 45–48. 36. Meftahuddin, T. 2002. Review of the trends and causes of food borne outbreaks in Malaysia from 1988 to 1997. Med. J. Malays. 57:70–79. 37. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2003. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. M2-A8. Approved standard, 8th ed. NCCLS, Wayne, PA. 38. Nguyen-The, C. 2012. Biological hazards in processed fruits and vegetables—risk factors and impact of processing techniques. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 49:172–177. 39. Olaimat, A. N., and R. A. Holley. 2012. Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: a review. Food Microbiol. 32:1–19. 40. Pickett, C., E. C. Pesci, D. L. Cottle, G. Russell, A. N. Erdem, and H. Zeytin. 1996. Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness of Campylobacter spp. cdtB genes. Infect. Immun. 64:2070–2078. 41. Robinson, D. A. 1981. Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk. Br. Med. J. 282:1584. 42. Rodrigo, S., A. Adesiyun, Z. Asgarali, and W. Swanston. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broilers in small poultry processing operations in Trinidad. Food Control 18: 321–325. 43. Rozynek, E., K. Dzierzanowska-Fangrat, P. Jozwiak, J. Popowski, D. Korsak, and D. Dzierzanowska. 2005. Prevalence of potential virulence markers in Polish Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates obtained from hospitalized children and from chicken carcasses. J. Med. Microbiol. 54:615–619. 44. Sahilah, A. M., T. S. Tuan Suraya, I. Noraida, A. Ahmad Azuhairi, L. C. Chai, and R. Son. 2010. Detection of virulence genes and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus–PCR (ERIC-PCR) analysis among raw vegetables isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. Int. Food Res. J. 17:681–690. 45. Saleha, A. A., 2002. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from broiler chickens in Malaysia. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 1:94–97. 46. Saleha, A. A. 2004. Epidemiological study of the colonization of chickens with Campylobacter in broiler farms in Malaysia: possible risk and management factors. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3:129–134. 47. Sanchez, R., V. Fernandez-Baca, M. D. Diaz, P. Munoz, M. Rodriguez-Crexems, and E. Bouza. 1994. Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter spp. to quinolones and macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1879–1882. 48. Sivapalasingam, S., C. R. Friedman, L. Cohen, and R. V. Tauxe. 2004. Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States. J. Food Prot. 67:2342–2353. 49. Snelling, W. J., M. Matsuda, J. E. Moore, and J. S. G. Dooley. 2005. Under the microscope: Campylobacter jejuni. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 41:297–302. 50. Son, R., M. I. A. Karim, G. Rusul, and K. Yusoff. 1996. Plasmids and antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from retail fresh poultry. Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 4:106–111. 51. Taban, B. M., and A. K. Halkman. 2011. Do leafy green vegetables and their ready-to-eat (RTE) salads carry a risk of foodborne pathogens? Anaerobe 17:286–287. 52. Tang, J. Y. H., M. G. Farinazleen, A. A. Saleha, M. Nishibuchi, and R. Son. 2009. Comparison of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. occurrence in two types of retail chicken samples. Int. Food Res. J. 16:277–288. 53. Tang, J. Y. H., M. Nishibuchi, Y. Nakaguchi, F. M. Ghazali, A. A. Saleha, and R. Son. 2011. Transfer of Campylobacter jejuni from raw to cooked chicken via wood and plastic cutting boards. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52:581–588. 54. Tang, J. Y. H., A. A. Saleha, A. Jalila, M. G. Farinazleen, T. C. Tuan Zainazor, A. Noorlis, S. Afriani, M. Nishibuchi, and S. Radu. 2010. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. occurrence on chickens at farm, slaughter house and retail. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 9:134–138. 55. Tey, Y. S., M. Nasir, M. Zainal Abidin, S. Jinap, and A. Gariff. 2009. Demand for quality vegetables in Malaysia. Int. Food Res. J. 16:313–327. 56. Wang, G., C. G. Clark, T. M. Taylor, C. Barton, L. Price, L. David, and F. G. Rodgers. 2002. Colony multiplex PCR assay for identification and differentiation. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4744–4747. 57. Williams, L. K., F. Jørgensen, R. Grogono-Thomas, and T. J. Humphrey. 2009. Enrichment culture for the isolation of Campylobacter spp: effects of incubation conditions and the inclusion of blood in selective broths. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 130:131–134. 58. Wilson, I. G. 2003. Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter in raw retail chickens and imported chicken portions. Epidemiol. Infect. 131: 1181–1186. 59. World Health Organization. 2008. Microbiological hazards in fresh fruits and vegetables. Meeting report. Available at: http://www.who. int/foodsafety/publications/micro/MRA_FruitVeges.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2013. |
| originalfilename | 5799-01-FH02-FBIM-15-02551.jpg |
| person | UniSZA Unisza unisza |
| recordtype | oai_dc |
| resourceurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=11545 |
| spelling | 11545 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=11545 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 Restricted Document Article Journal UniSZA Unisza unisza image/jpeg inches 96 96 1419 784 08 08 2015-02-15 10:48:23 1419x784 5799-01-FH02-FBIM-15-02551.jpg UniSZA Private Access Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu Journal of Food Protection The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni in ulam at farms and retail outlets located in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 526 samples (ulam, soil, and fertilizer) were investigated for the presence of C. jejuni and the gene for cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) by using a multiplex PCR method. Antibiotic susceptibility to 10 types of antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method for 33 C. jejuni isolates. The average prevalence of contaminated samples from farms, wet markets, and supermarkets was 35.29, 52.66, and 69.88%, respectively. The cdt gene was not detected in 24 of the 33 C. jejuni isolates, but 9 isolates harbored cdtC. Antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni isolates was highest to penicillin G (96.97% of isolates) followed by vancomycin (87.88%), ampicillin (75.76%), erythromycin (60.61%), tetracycline (9.09%), amikacin (6.06%), and norfloxacin (3.03%); none of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin. In this study, C. jejuni was present in ulam, and some isolates were highly resistant to some antibiotics but not to quinolones. Thus, appropriate attention and measures are required to prevent C. jejuni contamination on farms and at retail outlets. 78 1 65-71 1. Aarestrup, F. M., E. M. Nielsen, M. Madsen, and J. Engberg. 1997. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from humans, pigs, cattle, and broilers in Denmark. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:2244–2250. 2. Andersen, S. R., P. Saadbye, N. M. Shukri, H. Rosenquist, N. L. Nielsen, and J. Boel. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from raw poultry meat at retail level in Denmark. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 107:250–255. 3. Bae, W., K. N. Kaya, D. D. Hancock, R. Douglas, Y. H. Park, T. E. Besser, and D. R. Call. 2005. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from cattle farms in Washington State. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:169–174. 4. Bang, D. D., S. Flemming, P. Ahrens, K. Pedersen, J. Blom, and M. Madsen. 2001. Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes and CDT production in Campylobacter spp. isolated from Danish broilers. J. Med. Microbiol. 50:1087–1094. 5. Bang, D. D., E. M. Nielsen, F. Scheutz, K. Pedersen, K. Handberg, and M. Madsen. 2003. PCR detection of seven virulence and toxin genes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from Danish pigs and cattle and cytolethal distending toxin production of the isolates. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94:1003–1014. 6. Batz, M. B., S. Hoffman, and J. G. Morris. 2012. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J. Food Prot. 75:1278–1291. 7. Bean, N. H., and P. M. Griffith. 1990. Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973–1987: pathogens, vehicles, and trends. J. Food Prot. 53:804–817. 8. Beuchat, L. R. 1995. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 59:204–216. 9. Beuchat, L. R. 1998. Surface decontamination of fruits and vegetables eaten raw: a review. WHO/FSF/FOS/98.2. Food Safety Unit, World Health Organization Available at: http://www.who.int/ foodsafety/publications/fs_management/surfac_decon/en/. Accessed 21 January 2014. 10. Beuchat, L. R. 2002. Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Microbes Infect. 4:413–423. 11. Bilek, S. E., and F. Turantas. 2013. Decontamination efficiency of high power ultrasound in the fruit and vegetable industry, a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 166:155–162. 12. Black, R. E., M. M. Levine, M. L. Clements, T. P. Hughes, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 157:472–479. 13. Buck, J. W., R. R. Walcott, and L. R. Beuchat. 2003. Recent trends in microbiological safety of fruits and vegetables. Plant Management Network, American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Foodborne outbreak online database (FOOD). Available at: http://wwwn.cdc. gov/foodborneoutbreaks/Default.aspx. Accessed 12 October 2013. 15. Chai, L. C., A. B. Fatimah, F. M. Ghazali, H. Y. Lee, R. Tunung, A. T. Shamsinar, R. A. S. Laila, A. Z. Thahirahtul, P. M. Malakar, Y. Nakaguchi, M. Nishibuchi, and R. Son. 2008. Biosafety of Campylobacter jejuni from raw vegetables consumed as Ulam with reference to their resistance to antibiotics. Int. Food Res. J. 15:125– 134. 16. Chai, L. C., T. Robin, U. M. Ragavan, J. W. Gunsalam, F. A. Bakar, F. M. Ghazali, S. Radu, and M. P. Kumar. 2007. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in salad vegetables in Malaysia. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 117:106–111. 17. De Roever, C. 1998. Microbial safety evaluations and recommendations on fresh produce. Food Control 9:321–347. 18. DeWaal, C. S., and M. Glassman. 2014. Outbreak alert! 2014. A review of foodborne illness in America from 2002–2011. Center for Science and the Public Interest, Washington, DC. 19. Endzt, H. P., G. J. Ruijs, B. Van Klingeren, W. H. Jansen, T. Van Reyden, and R. P. Mouton. 1991. Quinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicines. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 27:199–208. 20. European Commission. 2002. Risk profile on the microbiological contamination of fruits and vegetables eaten raw. Available at: http:// ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out125_en.pdf. Accessed 15 September 2013. 21. Findik, A., T. Ica, E. E. Onuk, D. Percin, T. O. Kevenk, and A. Ciftci. 2011. Molecular typing and cdt genes prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from various sources. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 43: 711–719. 22. Francis, G. A., C. Thomas, and D. O’Beirne. 1999. The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetable. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 34:1–22. 23. Frieden, T. R. 2013. Meeting the challenge of drug-resistant diseases in developing countries. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/washington/ testimony/2013/t20130423.htm. Accessed 10 November 2013. 24. Friedman, C. R., J. Neimann, H. C. Wegener, and R. V. Tauxe. 2000. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infection in the United States and other industrialized nations, p. 121–138. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC. 25. Ge, B., D. G. White, P. F. McDermott, W. Girard, S. Zhao, S. Hubert, and J. Meng. 2003. Antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter species from retail raw meats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3005–3007. 26. Gupta, N., D. K. Khan, and S. C. Santra. 2009. Prevalence of intestinal helminth eggs on vegetable grown in wastewater-irrigated areas of Titagarh, West Bengal, India. Food Control 20:942–945. 27. Hamad, S. H., J. J. Al-Amer, and M. M. Al-Otaibi. 2013. Assessment of the microbiological quality and wash treatments of lettuce produced in Hotuf City, Saudi Arabia. Asian J. Plant Pathol. 7:84– 91. 28. Han, K., S. S. Jang, E. Choo, S. Heu, and S. Ryu. 2007. Prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni from retail raw chicken in Korea. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 114: 50–59. 29. Hanning, I. B., J. D. Nutt, and S. C. Ricke. 2009. Salmonellosis outbreaks in the United States due to fresh produce: sources and potential intervention measures. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6:635–648. 30. Johnson, W. M., and H. Lior. 1988. A new heat-labile cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) produced by Campylobacter spp. Microb. Pathog. 4:115–126. 31. Kassa, T., S. Gebre-Selassie, and D. Asrat. 2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermotolerant Campylobacter strains isolated from food animals in Ethiopia. Vet. Microbiol. 119:82–87. 32. Keener, K. M., M. P. Bashor, P. A. Curtis, B. W. Sheldon, and S. Kathariou. 2004. Comprehensive review of Campylobacter and poultry processing. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 3:105–116. 33. Luechtefeld, N. A. W., M. J. Blaser, L. B. Reller, and W. L. Wang. 1980. Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from migratory waterfowl. J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:406–408. 34. Mansor, P. 1988. Ulam-ulaman tradisional Malaysia. Teknol. Sayursayuran 4:1–5. 35. Martinez, I., E. Mateo, E. Churruca, C. Girbau, R. Alonso, and A. Fernandez-Astorga. 2006. Detection of cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC genes in Campylobacter jejuni by multiplex PCR. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296: 45–48. 36. Meftahuddin, T. 2002. Review of the trends and causes of food borne outbreaks in Malaysia from 1988 to 1997. Med. J. Malays. 57:70–79. 37. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2003. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. M2-A8. Approved standard, 8th ed. NCCLS, Wayne, PA. 38. Nguyen-The, C. 2012. Biological hazards in processed fruits and vegetables—risk factors and impact of processing techniques. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 49:172–177. 39. Olaimat, A. N., and R. A. Holley. 2012. Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: a review. Food Microbiol. 32:1–19. 40. Pickett, C., E. C. Pesci, D. L. Cottle, G. Russell, A. N. Erdem, and H. Zeytin. 1996. Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness of Campylobacter spp. cdtB genes. Infect. Immun. 64:2070–2078. 41. Robinson, D. A. 1981. Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk. Br. Med. J. 282:1584. 42. Rodrigo, S., A. Adesiyun, Z. Asgarali, and W. Swanston. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broilers in small poultry processing operations in Trinidad. Food Control 18: 321–325. 43. Rozynek, E., K. Dzierzanowska-Fangrat, P. Jozwiak, J. Popowski, D. Korsak, and D. Dzierzanowska. 2005. Prevalence of potential virulence markers in Polish Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates obtained from hospitalized children and from chicken carcasses. J. Med. Microbiol. 54:615–619. 44. Sahilah, A. M., T. S. Tuan Suraya, I. Noraida, A. Ahmad Azuhairi, L. C. Chai, and R. Son. 2010. Detection of virulence genes and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus–PCR (ERIC-PCR) analysis among raw vegetables isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. Int. Food Res. J. 17:681–690. 45. Saleha, A. A., 2002. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from broiler chickens in Malaysia. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 1:94–97. 46. Saleha, A. A. 2004. Epidemiological study of the colonization of chickens with Campylobacter in broiler farms in Malaysia: possible risk and management factors. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3:129–134. 47. Sanchez, R., V. Fernandez-Baca, M. D. Diaz, P. Munoz, M. Rodriguez-Crexems, and E. Bouza. 1994. Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter spp. to quinolones and macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1879–1882. 48. Sivapalasingam, S., C. R. Friedman, L. Cohen, and R. V. Tauxe. 2004. Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States. J. Food Prot. 67:2342–2353. 49. Snelling, W. J., M. Matsuda, J. E. Moore, and J. S. G. Dooley. 2005. Under the microscope: Campylobacter jejuni. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 41:297–302. 50. Son, R., M. I. A. Karim, G. Rusul, and K. Yusoff. 1996. Plasmids and antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from retail fresh poultry. Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 4:106–111. 51. Taban, B. M., and A. K. Halkman. 2011. Do leafy green vegetables and their ready-to-eat (RTE) salads carry a risk of foodborne pathogens? Anaerobe 17:286–287. 52. Tang, J. Y. H., M. G. Farinazleen, A. A. Saleha, M. Nishibuchi, and R. Son. 2009. Comparison of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. occurrence in two types of retail chicken samples. Int. Food Res. J. 16:277–288. 53. Tang, J. Y. H., M. Nishibuchi, Y. Nakaguchi, F. M. Ghazali, A. A. Saleha, and R. Son. 2011. Transfer of Campylobacter jejuni from raw to cooked chicken via wood and plastic cutting boards. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52:581–588. 54. Tang, J. Y. H., A. A. Saleha, A. Jalila, M. G. Farinazleen, T. C. Tuan Zainazor, A. 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| spellingShingle | Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu |
| summary | The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni in ulam at farms and retail outlets located in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 526 samples (ulam, soil, and fertilizer) were investigated for the presence of C. jejuni and the gene for cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) by using a multiplex PCR method. Antibiotic susceptibility to 10 types of antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method for 33 C. jejuni isolates. The average prevalence of contaminated samples from farms, wet markets, and supermarkets was 35.29, 52.66, and 69.88%, respectively. The cdt gene was not detected in 24 of the 33 C. jejuni isolates, but 9 isolates harbored cdtC. Antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni isolates was highest to penicillin G (96.97% of isolates) followed by vancomycin (87.88%), ampicillin (75.76%), erythromycin (60.61%), tetracycline (9.09%), amikacin (6.06%), and norfloxacin (3.03%); none of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin. In this study, C. jejuni was present in ulam, and some isolates were highly resistant to some antibiotics but not to quinolones. Thus, appropriate attention and measures are required to prevent C. jejuni contamination on farms and at retail outlets. |
| title | Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu |
| title_full | Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu |
| title_short | Prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (Ulam) at farms and retail outlets in Terengganu |
| title_sort | prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (ulam) at farms and retail outlets in terengganu |