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10689
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Abidin, Z. Z. (1999). The identification of criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of ecotourism In Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia: a Delphi consensus. PhD Thesis. College of Agriculture, Forestry and Consumer Sciences, West Virginia University. Retrieved June 12, 2011 from https://eidr.wvu.edu/eidr/documentdata.eIDR?documentid=791 Agarwal, S. (2006). Coastal resort restructuring and the TALC. In R.W. Butler (Ed.), The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues (pp. 201-218). Clevedon, UK, Channel View Publications. Asker, S., Boronyak, L., Carrard, N., & Paddon, M. (2010a). Effective community based tourism. A best practice manual. APEC tourism working group. Retrieved July 10, 2012 from http://www.crctourism.com.au Asker, S., Boronyak, L., Carrard, N., & Paddon, M. (2010b). Learning for resilience? Exploring learning opportunities in biosphere reserves. Environmental Education Research, 16(5), 645-663. Batisse, M. (1997). Biosphere reserves, a challenge for biodiversity conservation and regional development. Environment, 39(5), 7-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139159709603644 Blangy, S., & Mehta, H. (2006). Ecotourism and ecological restoration. Journal for Nature Conservation, 14, 233-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2006.05.009 Bolland, L. P., Drew, A. P., & Vergara-Tenorioc, C. (2006). Analysis of a natural resources management system in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Landscape and Urban Planning 74, 223-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.005 Bonheur, N., & Lane, B. D. (2002). Natural resources management for human security in Cambodia’s Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve. Environmental Science & Policy, 5, 33-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(02)00024-2 Boucher, G., Conway, C., & Der Meer, E. V. (2003). Tiers of engagement by universities in their region's development. Journal: Regional Studies, 37(9), 887-889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000143896 Buss, D. (2007). Secret destinations. creativity or conformity? Building cultures of creativity in higher education. A conference organised by the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff in collaboration with the Higher Education Academy. Cardiff January 8-10 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2012 from http://www.creativityconference07.org/presented_papers/Buss_Secret.doc Butler, R. (1980). The concept of a tourist area of life cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 19(1), 5-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x Butler, R. W. (2011). Tourism area life cycle. contemporary tourism reviews. Series Editor: Chris Cooper. Goodfellow Publishers Limited, Woodeaton, Oxford. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com Campbell, L. M. (1999). Ecotourism in rural developing communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 534-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00005-5 Cellabos-Lascurin, H. (1996). Ecotourism, tourism and protected area. Gland: IUCN. Chaminuka, P. R., Groeneveld, A., Selomane, A. O., & Van Ierland, E. C. (2012). Tourist preferences for ecotourism in rural communities adjacent to Kruger National Park: a choice experiment approach. Tourism Management, 33, 168-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.016 Coria, J., & Calfucura, E. (2012). Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecological Economics, 73, 47-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.024 Cruz, R. E. H., Baltazar, E. B., Gomez, G. M., & Lugo, E. I. J. E. (2005). Social adaptation ecotourism in the Lacandon Forest. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 610-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.005 de la Barre, S. (2005). Learning travel product development workbook: A step-by-step guide for Yukon and Northern entrepreneurs, North to Knowledge (N2K), Whitehorse, Yukon. Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/pdf/LearningTravelProductDevelopment Workbook.pdf Ezebilo, E. E. (2010). Community-based preferences for economic incentives to promote biodiversity conservation in a Tropical Rainforest. Int. J. Environ. Res., 4(3), 501-506. Fennell, D. (2001). A content analysis of ecotourism definitions. Current Issues in Tourism, 4, 403-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500108667896 Flitner, M., Matthes, U., Oesten, G., & Roeder, A. (Eds.). (2006). The ecosystem approach in forest biosphere reserves: results from three case studies. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg. Gurung, D. H., & Seeland, K. (2008). Ecotourism in Bhutan extending its benefits to rural communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 489-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.004 Habibah, A., Hamzah, J., Mushrifah, I., A. Buang, A., Toriman, M. E., & Jusoff, K. (2011). The success factors of public consultation in the establishment of a Biosphere Reserve – evidence from Tasik Chini. World Applied Science Journal (Sustainable development impact from the socio-environmental perspectives), 13, 74-81. Habibah, A., Mohamed, R., Mushrifah, I., Hamzah, J., Aimi Syairah, M. N., & Buang, A. (2012). Positioning university as knowledge ecotourism destination: key success factors. International Business Management, 6(1), 32-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ibm.2012.32.40 Habibah, A., Mushrifah, I., Hamzah, J., Er, A. C., Buang, A., Toriman, M. E., Selvadurai, S., & Zaimah, R. (2013) Place-Making of Ecotourism in Tasik Chini: From Exploratory to the Contemporary Biosphere Reserve. Asian Social Science, 9(6), 84-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n6p84 Habibah, A., Mushrifah, I., Hamzah, J., Toriman, M. E., Buang, A., Jusoff, K., Mohd Fuad, M. J., Er, A. C., & Azima, A. M. (2012). Assessing natural capital for sustainable ecotourism in Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(1), 1-9. Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press. Horwich, R. H. (1993). Ecotourism and community development: A view from Belize. In K. Lindberg, & D. Hawkins (Eds.), Ecotourism: A guide for planners and managers (pp. 152-168). North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society. Ishwaran, N., Persic, A., & Tri, N. H. (2008). Concept and practice: the case of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, 7(2), 118-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2008.018358 Kay, J. J., Regier, H., Boyle, M., & Francis, G. R. (1999). An ecosystem approach for sustainability: addressing the challenge of complexity. Futures, 31(7), 721-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00029-4 Kerstetter, D. L., Hou, J. S., & Lin, C. H. (2004). Profiling Taiwanese eco-tourists using a behavioral approach. Tourism Management, 25, 491-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00119-5 Khelghat-Doost, H., Zainal Abidin Sanusi, Z. A., Tunku Fariddudin, T. F. F., & Jegatesen, G. (2011). Institutions of higher education and partnerships in education for sustainable development: case study of the regional center of expertise (RCE) Penang, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(3), 108-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n3p108 Kriesel, J. (2011). Education for sustainable development in the biosphere reserves Schaalsee, Germany, and Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden. Diploma thesis. University of Greifswald. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from http://www.mnf.unigreifswald.de/fileadmin/Geowissenschaften/geographie/angew_geo/Diplomarbeiten/Janin_Kriesel_Diplomarbeit_BNE. pdf 5 June 2012. Kušová, D., Těšitel, J., Matějka, K., & Bartoš, M. (2008). Biosphere reserves—an attempt to form sustainable landscapes: a case study of three biosphere reserves in the Czech Republic. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(1), 38-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.06.006 Lai, P. H., & Nepal, S. K. (2006). Local perspectives of ecotourism development in Tawushan Nature Reserve, Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27, 1117-1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.010 Lu, H., Campbell, D., Chen, J., Qin, P., & Ren, H. (2007). Conservation and economic viability of nature reserves: an emergy evaluation of the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve. Biological Conservation, 139, 415-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.014 Lu, Y., & Deng, J. (2008). The new environmental paradigm and nature-based tourism motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 392-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308331 McCarthy, D., Whitelaw, G., Jongerden, P., & Craig, B. (2006). Sustainability, social learning and the Long Point World Biosphere Reserve. Environments Journal, 34(2), 1-15. Nguyen, N. C., Bosch, O. J. H., & Maani, K. E. (2009). The importance of systems thinking and practice for creating Biosphere Reserves as “learning laboratories for sustainable development”. Retrieved August 8, 2012, from http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/ article/view/1161/398 Pornphol, P., & Mcgrath, G. M. (2010). Implementation of the tourism area life cycle model as an advisory decision support system centre for tourism and services research. Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved August 10, 2012, from http://www.pacis net.org/file/2010/P02-12.pdf Pretty, J. (1994). Alternative systems of inquiry for a sustainable agriculture. IDS Bulletin, 25(2), 37-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1994.mp25002004.x Schianetz, K, J., Tod, J., Kavanagh, L., Walker, P. A., Lockington, D., & Wood, D. (2009). The practicalities of a learning tourism destination: a case study of the Ningaloo Coast. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(6), 567-581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.729 Schianetz, K, Kavanagh, L., & Lockington, D. (2007). The learning tourism destination: the potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1485-1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.01.012 Schultz, L., Duit, A., & Folke, C. (2011). Participation, adaptive co-management, and management performance in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. World Development, 39(4), 662-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.014 Stoll-Kleemann, S., & O’Riordan, T. (2002). From participation to partnership in biodiversity protection: experience from Germany and South Africa. Society & Natural Resources, 15(2), 157-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/089419202753403337 Stoll-Kleemann, S., & Welp, M. (2008). Participatory and integrated management of biosphere reserves: Lessons from case studies and a global survey. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 17, 161-168. The International Ecotourism Society. (1990). The definition of ecotourism. Retrieved July 10, 2011 from http://www.ecotourism.org/index.htm UNESCO. (2007). UNESCO Biosphere Reserves: learning laboratories for sustainable development. Retrieved June 8, 2012, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001516/151607e.pdf UNESCO. (2012). The Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/man-and-biosphere-programme/ Wallance, G. N. (1993). Visitors management: Lessons from Galapagos National Park. In K. Lindberg, & D. Hawkins (Eds.), Ecotourism: A guide for planners and managers (pp. 55-81). North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society. Weaver, D. B. (2005). Comprehensive and minimalist dimensions of ecotouris m. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 439-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.003 Zhang, H., & Lei, S. L. (2012). A structural model of residents’ intention to participate in ecotourism: The case of a wetland community. Tourism Management, 33, 916-925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.012
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10689 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=10689 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 Restricted Document Article Journal image/jpeg inches 96 96 norman 728 68 68 2016-10-13 10:01:03 1430x728 1430 4778-01-FH02-ESERI-16-06784.jpg UniSZA Private Access Revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve Asian Social Science Ecotourism is often perceived as an excellent tool for promoting sustainable development in most of the protected and special areas, including the Biosphere Reserve (BR). In fact, ecotourism can help to revive a declining tourist destination as it preserves nature and support rehabilitation and most importantly, it fits well with the Biosphere Reserve functions of conservation, development and logistics. This article aims to analyse the life cycle of Tasik Chini as an ecotourism destination, by focusing on the following aspects, namely travel engagement, ecotourism approaches and revitalization initiatives. This study utilized a mixed method approach by combining the primary and secondary data in tracing the evolution, development and the existing stage of ecotourism. The study reveals that the four major components which drive ecotourism program/initiatives toward achieving sustainable development are the state of ecotourism in the BR, the targeted segments of the community, the extent of community involvement as well as the supportive infrastructure for ecotourism. As ecotourism in the BR significantly promotes learning and research, smart partnership or collaboration between the stakeholders will help generate true eco-tourists. It is therefore imperative that ecotourism initiatives in the context of the BR is revitalised as it will enable a reflective analysis of the destination’s life cycle. The intervention of credible initiatives can fulfil the real and future roles of ecotourism in sustainable development. 9 14 70-85 Abidin, Z. Z. (1999). The identification of criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of ecotourism In Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia: a Delphi consensus. PhD Thesis. College of Agriculture, Forestry and Consumer Sciences, West Virginia University. Retrieved June 12, 2011 from https://eidr.wvu.edu/eidr/documentdata.eIDR?documentid=791 Agarwal, S. (2006). Coastal resort restructuring and the TALC. In R.W. Butler (Ed.), The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues (pp. 201-218). Clevedon, UK, Channel View Publications. Asker, S., Boronyak, L., Carrard, N., & Paddon, M. (2010a). Effective community based tourism. A best practice manual. APEC tourism working group. Retrieved July 10, 2012 from http://www.crctourism.com.au Asker, S., Boronyak, L., Carrard, N., & Paddon, M. (2010b). Learning for resilience? Exploring learning opportunities in biosphere reserves. Environmental Education Research, 16(5), 645-663. Batisse, M. (1997). Biosphere reserves, a challenge for biodiversity conservation and regional development. Environment, 39(5), 7-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139159709603644 Blangy, S., & Mehta, H. (2006). Ecotourism and ecological restoration. Journal for Nature Conservation, 14, 233-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2006.05.009 Bolland, L. P., Drew, A. P., & Vergara-Tenorioc, C. (2006). Analysis of a natural resources management system in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Landscape and Urban Planning 74, 223-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.005 Bonheur, N., & Lane, B. D. (2002). Natural resources management for human security in Cambodia’s Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve. Environmental Science & Policy, 5, 33-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(02)00024-2 Boucher, G., Conway, C., & Der Meer, E. V. (2003). Tiers of engagement by universities in their region's development. Journal: Regional Studies, 37(9), 887-889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000143896 Buss, D. (2007). Secret destinations. creativity or conformity? Building cultures of creativity in higher education. A conference organised by the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff in collaboration with the Higher Education Academy. Cardiff January 8-10 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2012 from http://www.creativityconference07.org/presented_papers/Buss_Secret.doc Butler, R. (1980). The concept of a tourist area of life cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 19(1), 5-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x Butler, R. W. (2011). Tourism area life cycle. contemporary tourism reviews. Series Editor: Chris Cooper. Goodfellow Publishers Limited, Woodeaton, Oxford. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com Campbell, L. M. (1999). Ecotourism in rural developing communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 534-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00005-5 Cellabos-Lascurin, H. (1996). Ecotourism, tourism and protected area. Gland: IUCN. Chaminuka, P. R., Groeneveld, A., Selomane, A. O., & Van Ierland, E. C. (2012). Tourist preferences for ecotourism in rural communities adjacent to Kruger National Park: a choice experiment approach. Tourism Management, 33, 168-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.016 Coria, J., & Calfucura, E. (2012). Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecological Economics, 73, 47-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.024 Cruz, R. E. H., Baltazar, E. B., Gomez, G. M., & Lugo, E. I. J. E. (2005). Social adaptation ecotourism in the Lacandon Forest. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 610-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.005 de la Barre, S. (2005). Learning travel product development workbook: A step-by-step guide for Yukon and Northern entrepreneurs, North to Knowledge (N2K), Whitehorse, Yukon. Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/pdf/LearningTravelProductDevelopment Workbook.pdf Ezebilo, E. E. (2010). Community-based preferences for economic incentives to promote biodiversity conservation in a Tropical Rainforest. Int. J. Environ. Res., 4(3), 501-506. Fennell, D. (2001). A content analysis of ecotourism definitions. Current Issues in Tourism, 4, 403-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500108667896 Flitner, M., Matthes, U., Oesten, G., & Roeder, A. (Eds.). (2006). The ecosystem approach in forest biosphere reserves: results from three case studies. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg. Gurung, D. H., & Seeland, K. (2008). Ecotourism in Bhutan extending its benefits to rural communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 489-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.004 Habibah, A., Hamzah, J., Mushrifah, I., A. Buang, A., Toriman, M. E., & Jusoff, K. (2011). The success factors of public consultation in the establishment of a Biosphere Reserve – evidence from Tasik Chini. World Applied Science Journal (Sustainable development impact from the socio-environmental perspectives), 13, 74-81. Habibah, A., Mohamed, R., Mushrifah, I., Hamzah, J., Aimi Syairah, M. N., & Buang, A. (2012). Positioning university as knowledge ecotourism destination: key success factors. International Business Management, 6(1), 32-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ibm.2012.32.40 Habibah, A., Mushrifah, I., Hamzah, J., Er, A. C., Buang, A., Toriman, M. E., Selvadurai, S., & Zaimah, R. (2013) Place-Making of Ecotourism in Tasik Chini: From Exploratory to the Contemporary Biosphere Reserve. Asian Social Science, 9(6), 84-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n6p84 Habibah, A., Mushrifah, I., Hamzah, J., Toriman, M. E., Buang, A., Jusoff, K., Mohd Fuad, M. J., Er, A. C., & Azima, A. M. (2012). Assessing natural capital for sustainable ecotourism in Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(1), 1-9. Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press. Horwich, R. H. (1993). Ecotourism and community development: A view from Belize. In K. Lindberg, & D. Hawkins (Eds.), Ecotourism: A guide for planners and managers (pp. 152-168). North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society. Ishwaran, N., Persic, A., & Tri, N. H. (2008). Concept and practice: the case of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, 7(2), 118-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2008.018358 Kay, J. J., Regier, H., Boyle, M., & Francis, G. R. (1999). An ecosystem approach for sustainability: addressing the challenge of complexity. Futures, 31(7), 721-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00029-4 Kerstetter, D. L., Hou, J. S., & Lin, C. H. (2004). Profiling Taiwanese eco-tourists using a behavioral approach. Tourism Management, 25, 491-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00119-5 Khelghat-Doost, H., Zainal Abidin Sanusi, Z. A., Tunku Fariddudin, T. F. F., & Jegatesen, G. (2011). Institutions of higher education and partnerships in education for sustainable development: case study of the regional center of expertise (RCE) Penang, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(3), 108-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n3p108 Kriesel, J. (2011). Education for sustainable development in the biosphere reserves Schaalsee, Germany, and Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden. Diploma thesis. University of Greifswald. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from http://www.mnf.unigreifswald.de/fileadmin/Geowissenschaften/geographie/angew_geo/Diplomarbeiten/Janin_Kriesel_Diplomarbeit_BNE. pdf 5 June 2012. Kušová, D., Těšitel, J., Matějka, K., & Bartoš, M. (2008). Biosphere reserves—an attempt to form sustainable landscapes: a case study of three biosphere reserves in the Czech Republic. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(1), 38-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.06.006 Lai, P. H., & Nepal, S. K. (2006). Local perspectives of ecotourism development in Tawushan Nature Reserve, Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27, 1117-1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.010 Lu, H., Campbell, D., Chen, J., Qin, P., & Ren, H. (2007). Conservation and economic viability of nature reserves: an emergy evaluation of the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve. Biological Conservation, 139, 415-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.014 Lu, Y., & Deng, J. (2008). The new environmental paradigm and nature-based tourism motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 392-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308331 McCarthy, D., Whitelaw, G., Jongerden, P., & Craig, B. (2006). Sustainability, social learning and the Long Point World Biosphere Reserve. Environments Journal, 34(2), 1-15. Nguyen, N. C., Bosch, O. J. H., & Maani, K. E. (2009). The importance of systems thinking and practice for creating Biosphere Reserves as “learning laboratories for sustainable development”. Retrieved August 8, 2012, from http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/ article/view/1161/398 Pornphol, P., & Mcgrath, G. M. (2010). Implementation of the tourism area life cycle model as an advisory decision support system centre for tourism and services research. Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved August 10, 2012, from http://www.pacis net.org/file/2010/P02-12.pdf Pretty, J. (1994). Alternative systems of inquiry for a sustainable agriculture. IDS Bulletin, 25(2), 37-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1994.mp25002004.x Schianetz, K, J., Tod, J., Kavanagh, L., Walker, P. A., Lockington, D., & Wood, D. (2009). The practicalities of a learning tourism destination: a case study of the Ningaloo Coast. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(6), 567-581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.729 Schianetz, K, Kavanagh, L., & Lockington, D. (2007). The learning tourism destination: the potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1485-1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.01.012 Schultz, L., Duit, A., & Folke, C. (2011). Participation, adaptive co-management, and management performance in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. World Development, 39(4), 662-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.014 Stoll-Kleemann, S., & O’Riordan, T. (2002). From participation to partnership in biodiversity protection: experience from Germany and South Africa. Society & Natural Resources, 15(2), 157-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/089419202753403337 Stoll-Kleemann, S., & Welp, M. (2008). Participatory and integrated management of biosphere reserves: Lessons from case studies and a global survey. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 17, 161-168. The International Ecotourism Society. (1990). The definition of ecotourism. Retrieved July 10, 2011 from http://www.ecotourism.org/index.htm UNESCO. (2007). UNESCO Biosphere Reserves: learning laboratories for sustainable development. Retrieved June 8, 2012, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001516/151607e.pdf UNESCO. (2012). The Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/man-and-biosphere-programme/ Wallance, G. N. (1993). Visitors management: Lessons from Galapagos National Park. In K. Lindberg, & D. Hawkins (Eds.), Ecotourism: A guide for planners and managers (pp. 55-81). North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society. Weaver, D. B. (2005). Comprehensive and minimalist dimensions of ecotouris m. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 439-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.003 Zhang, H., & Lei, S. L. (2012). A structural model of residents’ intention to participate in ecotourism: The case of a wetland community. Tourism Management, 33, 916-925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.012
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Revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve
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Ecotourism is often perceived as an excellent tool for promoting sustainable development in most of the protected and special areas, including the Biosphere Reserve (BR). In fact, ecotourism can help to revive a declining tourist destination as it preserves nature and support rehabilitation and most importantly, it fits well with the Biosphere Reserve functions of conservation, development and logistics. This article aims to analyse the life cycle of Tasik Chini as an ecotourism destination, by focusing on the following aspects, namely travel engagement, ecotourism approaches and revitalization initiatives. This study utilized a mixed method approach by combining the primary and secondary data in tracing the evolution, development and the existing stage of ecotourism. The study reveals that the four major components which drive ecotourism program/initiatives toward achieving sustainable development are the state of ecotourism in the BR, the targeted segments of the community, the extent of community involvement as well as the supportive infrastructure for ecotourism. As ecotourism in the BR significantly promotes learning and research, smart partnership or collaboration between the stakeholders will help generate true eco-tourists. It is therefore imperative that ecotourism initiatives in the context of the BR is revitalised as it will enable a reflective analysis of the destination’s life cycle. The intervention of credible initiatives can fulfil the real and future roles of ecotourism in sustainable development.
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| title |
Revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve
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| title_full |
Revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve
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| title_fullStr |
Revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve
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| title_full_unstemmed |
Revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve
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| title_short |
Revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve
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| title_sort |
revitalizing ecotourism for a sustainable tasik chini biosphere reserve
|